The incidence of malnutrition among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) constantly increases despite the development of health care and dialysis techniques.New nutritional targets for CKD patients upon maintenance treatment have been developed.Before dialysis,evidences have shown that a long-term nutritional care plan,with a control of protein intake,can effectively correct metabolic disorders including proteinuria and acidosis.During the maintenance dialysis,the optimal protein and energy intakes have been recently challenged.The new classification of nutritional disorders in CKD patients may help the easily identification of protein-energy wasting.

Objective If IL-2 and IFN-? are united,perhaps we may see a more significant antitumor effect.A fusion gene of IL-2 and IFN-? was designed and constructed by DNA engineering.Methods CEA promotor、IL-2cDNA and IFN-?cDNA were obtained by PCR and RT-PCR.SDS-PAGE was used to examine the results;pcDNA-IL-2、pcDNA-IFN-?、pCEA-IL-2/ IFN-?、pEGFP-IL-2/ IFN-? were transfected to CEA high expression cell line(Lovo)by use of liposome.The fusion protein expression was examined by fluorescence microscope and Western blotting.Results IL-2/ IFN-? fusion gene can be expressed in tumor cells.Its expression is more obvious in CEA high expressed cells(Lovo),and can be located in cell plasma.Conclusion The fusion gene can be expressed in plasma of CEA high expressed cell lines.It may have a new anti-tumor effects.

The initiation and development of diabetic chronic complications is associated not only with the level of blood glucose,but also with the glucose fluctuation.The damage in large artery and microvessel may be caused by glucose fluctuation.There are two causes which induce glucose fluctuation in clinical:one is postprandial hyperglyceamia with not well controlled,the other is hypoglycemia causes by unsuitable therapy.A lot of effective new types of substances were applicated in clinical,such as ?-glucosidase inhibitor,glinide-insulin secretagogus,fast-acting and long-acting insulin analogues.With these new powerful tools,there is possibility to treat diabetes more correctly and safely,and control the blood glucose in a stable and good level.

Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of prevention and control measures in drinking waterborn endemic fluorosis areas after water improvement in Xuchang City,Henan Province.Methods In the drinking water-born endemic fluorosis areas of Xuchang City,Henan Province,15 villages were selected based on the following parameters:the unimproved water group,the water improvement time ＜ 3 years group,the water improvement time 3-5 years group and the water improvement time ＞ 5 years group,using a multi-stage random sampling method.In those villages,the concentration of urinary fluoride was tested by the ion selective electrode method on 30 children selected by every village,and Deans method was applied for diagnosis of dental fluorosis on all students age 8-12 years old of the 15 villages.Results The dental fluorosis prevalence rates of the unimproved water group,the water improvement time ＜ 3 years group,the water improvement time 3-5 years group and the water improvement time ＞ 5 years group were 53.57％ (120/224),63.64％ (98/154),37.30％ (47/126) and 22.99％ (40/174),respectively,and the urinary fluoride geometry means were 2.10,1.30,1.07 and 1.02 mg/L,respectively.The prevalence of dental fluorosis was significantly different between the improvement time 3-5 years and the unimproved water groups (x2 =8.56,P ＜ 0.008),and between the improvement time ＞ 5 years and the unimproved water groups too (x2 =38.10,P ＜ 0.008).The geometric mean of urinary fluoride was significantly different between the improvement time ＜ 3 years and the unimproved water groups (q =5.66,P ＜ 0.01),between the improvement time 3-5 years and the unimproved water groups (q =8.14,P ＜ 0.01),and between the improvement time ＞ 5 years and the unimproved water groups (q =8.28,P ＜ 0.01).The level of urine fluoride in children was positively correlated with the fluoride content in the village (r =0.659,P ＜ 0.01),and was positively correlated with dental fluorosis index too (r =0.758,P ＜ 0.01).Conclusions The content of urinary fluoride has decreased significantly in less than three years after water improvement in drinking water-born endemic fluorosis areas.The incidence of dental fluorosis in children is related to the improvement of water supply.The longer the time of the water improvement,the more obvious the detection rate decreased more obvious.

Objective To explore the role of sanyrene in decreasing skin itching and observe its therapeutic effect on skin pruritus in patients with diabetes. Methods According to the principle of voluntary patients, 221 cases were divided into three groups: conventional therapy plus calamine smear including 80 cases, conventional therapy plus sanyrene including 80 cases and the conventional treatment only control group including 61 cases. Results Generalized estimating equations were established. Referring to the control group, model one was established. The coefficients in sanyrene treatment and calamine control group were 2.20 and 1.29 respectively (P<0.01). The therapeutic efficacy was significantly increased with 9.03 (OR=e2.20) times in sanyrene group and 3.63 (OR=e1.29) times in calamine group compared to the blank control,indicating effect of sanyrene and calamine were better than the control group;Referring to calamine group, Model two was established,shows better efficacy of sanyrene in calamine. The coefficients in sanyrene treatment and blank control group were 0.91 and-1.29 respectively (P<0.01). The therapeutic efficacy was significantly increased 2.48 (OR = e0.91) times in sanyrene group and 0.28 (OR = e-1.29) times in blank group compared to calamine control. Conclusions Sanyrene is effective in improving in diabetic skin pruritus situation. And compared with calamine, the treatment efficacy of sanyrene is better, which suggesting that sanyrene can be used in the clinical treatment of diabetic skin pruritus.

Objective: To examine the effects of alginate on bone mesenchymal stem cells(bMSCs).Methods: bMSCs were cultured on the alginate gels(experimental group) and tissue culture plastics(control group);the morphous of bMSCs was observed by microscope after toluidine blue staining;the growth curves were analyzed by MTT;and the expressions of osteoblast related genes(alkaline phosphatase,collagen I and osteonectin) were detected by RT-PCR when cultured for 6 days.Results: There were no difference in the cell proliferation between the experimental group and control group.The morphous of bMSCs in the experimental group was induced to be similar to that of osteoblasts and form colony proliferation obviously.The alkaline phosphatase and collagen I genes were positive in the two groups,but their expressions in the experimental group were higher;at the same time,osteonectin gene was positive in the experimental group and negative in the control group.Conclusion: bMSCs may differentiate into osteoblasts automatically when cultured for longer time and that alginate gels could promote this differentiation and may be suitable biomaterial of scaffold in bone tissue engineering.

This paper discusses the characteristics and difficulties in medical translation at syntactic,discourse and pragmatic levels.On the basis of discussion,the author puts forward the responsibilities of a good medical translator as doing research,making cooperation and adding value to the publication of the original papers.

This paper presents the writing problems in English abstracts of medical pa-pers,analyzes the underlying causes of these problems,and recommends the strategies for writing internationally standard English abstract.

Community Language Learning was employed to strengthen English class cohesion and improve students performance, and positive results have been achieved with regard to classroom atmosphere, students involvement and CET-4 scores. Initial studies and experiments show that application of foreign linguistic teaching theories in the Chinese setting is feasible and rewarding.

Medical words distinguish medical paper from any other papers,and the right choice of medical words plays an important role in conveying medical content.However,with respect to the whole text,a larger number of words are still nonmedical ones,to which great importance should also be attached.In the writing of a medical paper,three principles of exactness,conciseness,and readability in selecting nonmedical words should be followed to make the paper more internationally accepted.