BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine the perceptions and use of premium snacks (PS) in school aged children. In addition, the influence of their mothers attitude toward the PS use on the children's PS eating behavior was examined. METHODS: 337 boys and 292 girls and their mothers (n=535) were participated in this study. Participants were recruited from two elementary schools located in Kyung-ki area. Information on general characteristics, the frequencies of general snack eating and associated factors, and the frequencies of PS eating and associated factors were obtained by a self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean frequency of PS eating were 1.12 times/wk in boys and 0.98 times/wk in girls. The PS eating frequency was positively associated with the frequency of eating general snacks in boys and the money spent on purchasing general snacks in girls. The main reasons for eating PS were 'health' followed by 'taste'. The frequencies of general snack eating and those of PS use in mothers were highly associated with the frequencies of eating PS in children. Further, the perceptions on PS in mothers were significantly correlated with the frequencies of PS eating both in boys and in girls, although correlation coefficients were somewhat weak. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that mother's snack eating behavior and perceptions can affect their children's PS uses. Our findings suggest that the education toward the mother's eating behavior and nutrition knowledge are important in improving child's eating behavior including reasonable and healthy snack choices.
Child* ; Eating ; Education ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Gyeonggi-do ; Humans ; Mothers* ; Snacks* ; Surveys and Questionnaires

No abstract available.
Biliary Atresia* ; Hepatitis*

The first description on the discoid meniscus was made by Young in 1889 and was known as it affects only the lateral meniscus for a long time. However, Cave and Staples had reported the two cases of discoid changes on medial meniscus in 1941. Smillie(1948) had stated that the menisci exist as cartilagenous discs at an early stage of fetus and remain in discoid shape congenitally. Kaplan(1957) reported that the discoid meniscus is not caused by congenitally but acquired in relation of joint motion. A clinical analysis is made on the 22 discoid meniscus which were removed surgically and summarized as follows: 1. The click sound on walking, tenderness and positive McMurray test were important as diagnostic criteria and were present all of the cases. 2. The most of the discoid meniscus were found in first and second decade in 13 cases(76.5%) out of 22. The five cases were bilateral. 3. The discoid change of the meniscus had no sex defferences in their incidence but lateral involvement were far superior than in ten times. 4. The discoid meniscus shows degenerative change microscopically 17(77.3%). 5. The clinical result of surgical removal of discoid meniscus was satisfactory in resuming their full activities in six weeks.
Clinical Study ; Fetus ; Incidence ; Joints ; Menisci, Tibial ; Walking

The aspergillus tracheobronchitis is distinctive manifestation of invasive aspergillosis, in which infection is limited completely or predominantly to the tracheobronchial tree. It accounts for about 7 to 10 percent of cases of invasive disease. Grossly, such disease may take the mucosal exudate and obstruct partially the airway lumen or completely the occlusive mucous/fungus plugs. Microscopically, the superficial portion of the airway wall is acutely inflamed and contain fungal hyphae. However, infection is often limited to the mucosa. We report a case of aspergillus tracheobrochits in a 54 year-old man who presented cough, progressive dyspnea with wheezing, and mucus plug. Bronchoscopy showed mucosal exudate and plug.Bronchoscopic biopsy showed aspergillus hyphae and inflammation in the mucosa. He was successfully treated with itraconazole.
Aspergillosis ; Aspergillus* ; Biopsy ; Bronchoscopy ; Cough ; Dyspnea ; Exudates and Transudates ; Humans ; Hyphae ; Inflammation ; Itraconazole ; Mucous Membrane ; Mucus ; Respiratory Sounds ; Trees

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The emergence of lamivudine-resistant mutant hepatitis B virus (HBV), with aminoacid substitution in the YMDD motif of DNA polymerase, has been reported in the long-term lamivudine use group. However there is no report about the emergence of mutant viruses during the short-term lamivudine therapy. The objective of this study was to investigate the emergence of YMDD mutant HBV during short-term lamivudine therapy. METHODS: We evaluated twenty-eight chronic hepatitis B patients who were HBeAg and HBV DNA positive and treated with lamivudine 100mg p.o. daily for 12 weeks. First, we investigated the emergence of YMDD mutants by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method developed by Chayama et al in 19 patients who lost HBV DNA during lamivudine therapy but showed HBV DNA re-emergence 2 weeks after the end of therapy. Second, DNA subcloning and sequencing of HBV DNA polymerase including YMDD motif was undertaken in one patient's serial blood samples at 0, 8, 12 weeks to confirm the results of nested PCR. RESULTS: YMDD motif mutation was detected in 17(90%) out of 19 patients at the end of therapy and the type of mutations were YIDD only. At the end of therapy, mutant was predominant in 5 patients, both mutant and wild type were similar in proportion in 3 patients, and wild type was predominant in 9 patients. When we carried out nested PCR serially with samples of 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 14 weeks after initiation of therapy in 5 patients who were mutant predominant at 12 weeks, YIDD mutant began to be detected from 2 weeks in 4 patients and from 4 weeks in one patient. However, rapid turnover from mutant to wild type happened after the end of therapy, so only wild type was detected in 3 patients and wild type became predominant in 2 patients at 2 weeks after the end of therapy. All the sequencing results of serial blood samples in one patient were consistent with nested PCR data. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of YMDD motif HBV polymerase mutant may be possible before administration of lamivudine in Korean chronic hepatitis B patients. Nested PCR assay would be an useful method to detect YMDD mutant.
DNA ; Hepatitis B e Antigens ; Hepatitis B virus* ; Hepatitis B* ; Hepatitis B, Chronic ; Hepatitis* ; Humans ; Lamivudine* ; Polymerase Chain Reaction

PURPOSE: Tethered cord syndrome(TCS) is defined as low position of the conus medullaris by the abnormally fixed spinal cord with progressive neurologic deficit MATERIALS AND METHODS: To evaluate the findings of TCS at MRI and its diagnostic value, we performed a retrospective analysis of MRI of 30 patients with emphasis on clinical manifestation, level of conus medullaris, cause of tethering, and associated findings. RESULTS: Clinical presentation included back mass(26 cases), neurogenic bladder(5 cases), urinary incontinence(5 cases), progressive constipation(2 cases), skin dimpling(1 case), gait disturbance(1 case) and club foot (1 case). Neurologic deficit was developed in 11 cases(40% and mean age of these patients at the time of diagnosis was 8.6 years. The most common cause of tethering was lipoma(63%). The tips of conus medullaris were below the level of the second lumbar spine in all patients. The causes of tethering were lipomatous component(spinal lipoma and lipomyelomenigocele) in 67% myelomeningocele in 20%, presacral mass in 7%, thickened filum terminale in 3% and postoperative change in 3%. Associated anomalies included syringomyelia(20%) and hydrocephalus was associated in 3 out of 5 patients who underwent brain MRI. CONCLUSION: MRI clearly delineated the location of conus, tethering of the filum terminale with their causes and associated abnormalities. MRI examination is a very useful diagnostic tool for the early evaluation of TCS and the postoperative follow up.
Brain ; Cauda Equina ; Conus Snail ; Diagnosis ; Follow-Up Studies ; Foot ; Gait ; Humans ; Hydrocephalus ; Lipoma ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Meningomyelocele ; Neural Tube Defects* ; Neurologic Manifestations ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin ; Spinal Cord ; Spine

In order to evaluate the possible roles of secretory proteases in the pathogenesis of amoebic keratitis, we purified and characterized a serine protease secreted by Acanthamoeba lugdunensis KA/E2, isolated from a Korean keratitis patient. The ammonium sulfate-precipitated culture supernatant of the isolate was purified by sequential chromatography on CM-Sepharose, Sephacryl S-200, and mono Q-anion exchange column. The purified 33 kDa protease had a pH optimum of 8.5 and a temperature optimum of 55 degrees C. Phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride and 4- (2- Aminoethyl) -benzenesulfonyl-fluoride, both serine protease specific inhibitors, inhibited almost completely the activity of the 33 kDa protease whereas other classes of inhibitors did not affect its activity. The 33 kDa enzyme degraded various extracellular matrix proteins and serum proteins. Our results strongly suggest that the 33 kDa serine protease secreted from this keratopathogenic Acanthamoeba play important roles in the pathogenesis of amoebic keratitis, such as in corneal tissue invasion, immune evasion and nutrient uptake.
Acanthamoeba/*enzymology/isolation & purification/pathogenicity ; Acanthamoeba Keratitis/*parasitology ; Animals ; Cornea/parasitology ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Korea ; Serine Endopeptidases/chemistry/*isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Substrate Specificity ; Temperature ; Virulence Factors

During the last two years, 43 cases of various types of glaucomatous eyes recieved trabeculectomy ab externo under the surgical microscope. To increase filtration, edges of the scleral incision were cauterized after suture of the lamellar scleral flap. And successful trabeculectomy was achieved in 10 of 11 eyes (90%) with primary open angle glaucoma and in 15 of 17 eyes (88%) with chronic angle closure glaucoma. But the results of trabeculectomy in patients with congenital glaucoma. aphakic glaucoma and absolute glaucoma were poor. In one of the congenital glaucoma case, trabeculotomy was performed simultaneously with trabeculectomy and a good result was achieved.
Filtration ; Glaucoma ; Glaucoma, Angle-Closure ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle ; Humans ; Sutures ; Trabeculectomy*

Chordoma arising from the notochordal remnants is a rare primary bone tumor in the cervicosacral region and is even more unusual in the thoracic region. The authors experienced a case of thoracic chordoma and report its CT and MR findings.
Chordoma* ; Notochord

Chordoma arising from the notochordal remnants is a rare primary bone tumor in the cervicosacral region and is even more unusual in the thoracic region. The authors experienced a case of thoracic chordoma and report its CT and MR findings.
Chordoma* ; Notochord