Granular cell tumor of the breast (GCTB) is a rare tumor which stems from Schwann cells.It is a largely benign tumor,but in the literature extremely infrequent cases can exhibit malignant characteristics.It tends to a particular problem as its characteristics are similar with breast carcinoma macroscopically,clinically,and radiologically.Typically,GCTB is benign and solitary lesion,yet including atypical GCTB and malignant GCTB,they can co-localize with breast malignancies multicentricity.The histopathological and immunohistochemical detection is the gold standard for diagnosis of GCTB up to now.And local expanded resection is the main treatment method at present.

Carbon-limited continuous culture was used to study the relationship between the growth of Aspergillus niger and the production of glucoamylase. The result showed that when the specific growth rate was lower than 0.068 h(-1), the production of glucoamylase was growth-associated, when the specific growth rate was higher than 0.068 h(-1), the production of glucoamylase was not growth-associated. Based on the result of continuous culture, the Monod dynamics model of glucose consumption of A. niger was constructed, Combining Herbert-Pirt equation of glucose and oxygen consumption with Luedeking-Piret equation of enzyme production, the black-box model of Aspergillus niger for enzyme production was established. The exponential fed-batch culture was designed to control the specific growth rate at 0.05 h(-1) by using this model and the highest yield for glucoamylase production by A. niger reached 0.127 g glucoamylase/g glucose. The black-box model constructed in this study successfully described the glucoamylase production by A. niger and the result of the model fitted the measured value well. The black-box model could guide the design and optimization of glucoamylase production by A. niger.
Aspergillus niger ; metabolism ; Batch Cell Culture Techniques ; Carbon ; Culture Media ; Glucan 1,4-alpha-Glucosidase ; biosynthesis ; Glucose ; Industrial Microbiology ; methods ; Oxygen

Objective To explore whether the phosphorylation of NF-κB P65 subunit is involved in the cytotoxicity to and inflammation in an immortal human keratinocyte cell line HaCaT during cobalt chloride (CoCl2-induced chemical hypoxia. Methods HaCaT cells were treated with CoCl2 of 2 mmol/L to set up a chemical hypoxia-induced cell model of injury. Then, RNA interference was used to down-regulate the expression of P65 in CoCl2-induced HaCaT cells. After additional culture, cell viability was tested by cell counting kit8 (CCK-8), the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) were detected by ELISA kits, phosphorylated and total P65 protein was measured by Western blot. Results The exposure of HaCaT cells to 2 mmol/L CoCl2 for 0 to 4 hours enhanced the phosphorylation of P65, which began at 0.5 hour, peaked at 1.5 hours, and restored to the normal level at 4 hours, and the level of P65 phosphorylation was about 6.6 times that in the untreated control group. The CoCl2 of 2 mmol/L decreased the cell viability of HaCaT cells in a time dependent manner, and a significant difference was observed in the viability of HaCaT cells between CoCl2-treated and untreated HaCaT cells at 2, 4, and 6 hours (P ＜ 0.05, 0.01, 0.01 ). The release of IL-6 and IL-8 from HaCaT cells was also promoted by CoCl2 treatment. The knockdown of P65 expression with siRNA markedly suppressed the CoCl2-induced cytotoxicity to and increase in the release of IL-6 and IL-8 from HaCaT cells,despite of an increment in cell viability by about 11%. Conclusion The phosphorylated P65 subunit mediates CoCl2-induced cytotoxicity and inflammatory injury to HaCaT cells.

In recent years, collagen peptides (CP) have become a research hotspot in delaying chronological skin aging. Animal experiments have shown that CP can repair chronologically aged animal skin by promoting collagen synthesis, inhibiting collagen degradation, and increasing antioxidant enzyme activity. Cell experiments showed that CP can promote proliferation of fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen and elastin by stimulating nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway and transforming growth factor-β/drosophila mothers against decapentaplegic signaling pathway. Clinical studies have demonstrated that long-term oral supplement with CP or CP in combination with other antioxidant active substances can increase the skin moisture content and reduce transepidermal water loss, improve skin wrinkles and elasticity, as well as improve the skin collagen fiber structure, dermal and epidermal quality and the overall condition of facial skin. This review summarizes recent studies on mechanisms underlying chronological skin aging and mechanisms of action of CP in repairing chronologically aged skin, in order to provide a theoretical basis for further clinical research into and application of CP in repairing chronologically aged skin.

A number of studies indicate that the glutamate signal transduction system is closely related with the oc-currence of mental disorders. A glutamate pathway in the central nervous system, especially in the hippocampus neu-ron, plays an important role in neuron growth and synaptic plasticity. In this paper, the relationship of glutamate sig-naling pathway in the hippocampus and the incidence of schizophrenia is reviewed by exploring the structure and function of the hippocampus in order to better understand the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

Aspergillus niger, as an important industrial fermentation strain, is widely applied in the production of organic acids and industrial enzymes. With the development of diverse omics technologies, the data of genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome of A. niger are increasing continuously, which declared the coming era of big data for the research in fermentation process of A. niger. The data analysis from single omics and the comparison of multi-omics, to the integrations of multi-omics based on the genome-scale metabolic network model largely extends the intensive and systematic understanding of the efficient production mechanism of A. niger. It also provides possibilities for the reasonable global optimization of strain performance by genetic modification and process regulation. We reviewed and summarized progress in omics research of A. niger, and proposed the development direction of omics research on this cell factory.
Aspergillus niger ; genetics ; Fermentation ; Genome, Fungal ; Metabolic Networks and Pathways ; Metabolome ; Proteome ; Transcriptome

Glucagonoma is a rare neuroendocrine tumor of α cells of the pancreas. The tumor excessively secretes glucagon and causes glucagonoma syndrome.70%-90% of patients with glucagonoma will develop necrolytic migratory erythema (NME). We reported a patient of glucagonoma syndrome who was presented to the dermatology outpatient clinic with a 2-year-history of recurrent erythema and scaling on the skin migrating throughout the body. A skin biopsy was performed and resulting features matched with NME, whilst imaging examinations suggested a soft tissue density tumor present in the tail of the pancreas with somatostatin receptor expression and laboratory tests found an elevated levels of serum glucagon. After the diagnosis was confirmed, the patient was treated with surgical resection of the glucagonoma and the skin eruptions resolved rapidly in 4 days. Meanwhile, we reviewed relevant literature published in recent years and summarized its clinical characteristics in order to improve its understanding by clinicians, including clinical manifestations, laboratory and imaging examinations, diagnosis and treatments.