No abstract available.
Acoustics* ; Ear, Inner ; Hearing* ; Neuroma, Acoustic* ; Semicircular Canals*

STUDY DESIGN: Case report OBJECTIVES: To report a case of Brown-Séquard syndrome after blunt cervical trauma. SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW: Brown-Séquard syndrome is a rare disease characterized by hemisection of the spinal cord, and it shows the best prognosis of the various types of incomplete spinal cord injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A patient with Brown-Séquard syndrome that occurred after a traffic accident was followed up for 2 years and 6 months. RESULTS: We observed normal recovery of motor strength, but sensory impairment and deep tendon hyperreflexia remained. CONCLUSIONS: Brown-Séquard syndrome is known to have a good prognosis, but in this case, the neurological abnormality did not fully recover; therefore, we report this rare case and present a review of the literature.
Accidents, Traffic* ; Cervical Vertebrae ; Female ; Humans ; Prognosis ; Rare Diseases ; Reflex, Abnormal ; Spinal Cord ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; Tendons

The role of the physician in diagnosis of death is a relatively recent one. for the most part it began only toward the end of the eighteenth century in Korea as western countrie. The criteria for diagnosis of death traditionally has been cessation of the circulation and respiration. The current model definition proposed for the Unite State is : An individual who has sustained either(1) irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory function or irreversible cessation of all functions of the entire brain is dead. A determination of death must be made in a clearnce with accepted medical standards. Recently transplantation of organ has been popularlly performod in the wored. For this surgery brain death has been necessary process. Brain death is a condition widely recognized by philosophers, theologians, the public and the law. Criteria for the determination of brain death have been progressively refined for almost 30years. They involve clinical evidence of the loss of brain function and various periods of observation, which can often be stortened by confirmatory tests, particularly cerebral blood flow studies, evoked potential studies, CT and electro-encephalography. Prompt declaration of brain is therefore possible. It is important for physicians to offer the possibility of organ donation to the patient's family both because organs are desperately needed and because many families desire this. However, in korea these process is very difficult because many people and lower have thought criteria of death is stop of heart. I advice we need model algorithm for determination of brain death are presented to aid the development of protocols for individual and hospital use before liver transplatation in korea.
Brain Death* ; Brain* ; Death ; Diagnosis ; Evoked Potentials ; Heart ; Humans ; Jurisprudence ; Korea* ; Liver ; Liver Transplantation ; Respiration ; Tissue and Organ Procurement

We performed experiments to study the effects of acutely increased inracranial pressure on cereral gas metabolism. The results and findings were reported to The Journal of Catholic Medical College,(Vol. 24) 1973. We thereafter evaluated cerebral gas metabolism of fifty patients with acute cerebral lesions. Cerebral gas metabolism was measured by determining the pO2, pCO2, and pH values of arterial and venous blood and of the cerebrospinal fluid. Samplings of venous blood were obtained from the internal jugular vein. In the determination of the pH, pO2 and pCO2 of arterial and venous blood and cerebro-spinal fluid, the "Radiometer BMS 3 with Digital Acid-Base Analyser PHM 72" was used. These 50 patients had their gas metabolism measured at interval of 2 or 3 days, from the time of their admission to the time of either their recovery or death. The following observations were made 1. The 50 patients studied and observed included. a) Brain contusion 13 cases. b) Epidural or subdural hematoma 11 cases. c) Skull fracture 10 cases. d) Intracerebral hemorrhage 5 cases. e) Scalp laceration 1 cases. f) Arteriovenous malformation or cerebral rete 5 cases. g) Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage 1 cases. h) Intracranial aneurysm 4 cases. 2. There 50 patients have been subdivided according to level of consciousness as follows: a) Group A-Those who were alert with no neurological deficit. b) Group B-Those who were drowsy with mild neurological deficit. c) Group C-Those who were stuporous with severe neurological deficit. d) Group D-Those who were in coma. 3. It was observed that the pH, pO2, and pCO2 content of the arterial and venous blood and cerebrospinal fluid of those in Group A were within normal ranges. 4. Many cases classified under Group B had respiratory alkalosis of the arterial blood. However those who recovered or became worse revealed no noticeable changes in the cerebral gas metabolism studies. 5. Many cases classified under Group C had respiratory alkalosis in their arterial blood but only a few showed metabolic acidosis in the cerebrospinal fluid. However the patients who became worse manifested a marked metabolic acidosis in the cerebrospinal fluid. 6. Several patients in Group D had severe respiratory alkalosis as well as metabolic alkalosis in their arterial blood and marked metabolic acidosis in the their cerebrospinal fluid. 7. "Luxury perfusion syndrome" was not seen in any of the fifty cases studied. 8. Only a few cases manifested arterial hypoxemia in the all group. We believe this was due to the fact that tracheostomy and hyperventilation were done in the early stages with the aim of reducing the raised intracranial pressure.
Acidosis ; Alkalosis ; Alkalosis, Respiratory ; Anoxia ; Arteriovenous Malformations ; Brain Injuries ; Brain* ; Cerebral Hemorrhage ; Cerebrospinal Fluid ; Coma ; Consciousness ; Hematoma, Subdural ; Humans ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Hyperventilation ; Intracranial Aneurysm ; Intracranial Pressure ; Jugular Veins ; Lacerations ; Metabolism ; Perfusion ; Reference Values ; Scalp ; Skull Fractures ; Stupor ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Traumatic ; Tracheostomy

In order to investigate the antiepileptic effects of calcium antagonist, nimodipine, we studied the changes of seizure pattern and electroencephalographic finding of the epileptic rats before and after nimodipine administration which were induced by stereotaxic instillation of penicillin solution into the right amygadala. 40 Sprague-Dowley rats were divided into 2 groups:the control group(n=10) which underwent craniectomy on the biparietal area and was instilled penicillin solution into the right amygdala on the basis of stereotaxic coordinates, and the experimental group(n=30) which was subdivided into 3 subgraups:nimodipine pre-treatment group(n=10), nimodipine 0 minute post-treatment group(n=10) and nimodipine 20 minutes post-treatment group(n=10) depending on the intraperitoneal administration time of nimodipine. The results were as follows; 1) In control group typical epileptiform discharges were noted at 3.4+/-1.9 mm after penicillin instillation and the frequency and amplitude of discharges were 9.8+/-2.2/sec, 25.0+/-3.9mm/50+/-microV. The degree of behavioral seizure was between stage IV and VI. 2) In nimodipine pre-treatment group, there was inhibitory effects of seizure development. The frequency and amplitude were significantly decreased and the degree of behavioral seizure was attenuated in comparison to that of control group. 3) There was no statistical difference in effects of penicillin induced seizure between nimodipine 0 minute, 20 minutes post-treatment and control group. This experiment provided that calcium antagonist showed inhibitory effects on the penicillin-induced epileptic rats, but did not prevent seizure propagation. And calcium currents might play a role to evoke seizure. Therefore calcium antagonist "nimodipine" might be beneficial to the treatment of patients with seizure.
Amygdala ; Animals ; Calcium ; Electroencephalography* ; Humans ; Nimodipine* ; Penicillins ; Rats* ; Seizures*

Plasma levels of growth hormone(GH), luteinizing hormone(LH) and cortisol were determined by radioimmunoassay following radiofrequency(RF) stimulation or coagulation of various nuclei in thalamus and hypothalamus. RF stimulation or coagulation of many nuclei in thalamus and hypothalamus consisted of pulvinar and dorsomedial nucleus in thalamus and anterior and posterior hypothalamic nuclei in hypothalamus. Anterior thalamic stimulation resulted in highly significant increase of plasma LH, GH, cortisol and TH levels. However thalamic stimulation resulted no change in the level of various plasma hormones. Hypothalamic lesion produced significantly decreased plasma LH, GH and cortisol levels. Plasma cortisol and LH levels were highest 2 hours after stimulation while GH levels did not increased until 6 hours and TH until 72 hours respectively after stimulation. The significant difference in latency for beginning of hormone secretion suggests that GH, cortisol and LH may be controlled by several separate neuronal networks. Plasma GH and cortisol levels were lowest 72 hrs after coagulation of the anterior hypothalamic area, while GH, cortisol and LH levels did not change following stimulation or coagulation of posterior hypothalamic nucleus and thalamic nucldi. It was also noted that the anterior hypothalamic stimulation or coagulation caused increased or decreased in GH, cortisol, and LH than that observed from stimulation or coagulation of other hypothalamic and thalamic nuclei respectively.
Anterior Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Hydrocortisone ; Hypothalamus* ; Lutein ; Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus ; Neurons ; Plasma ; Pulvinar ; Radioimmunoassay ; Thalamic Nuclei ; Thalamus*

It is established that intracranial hemorrhage is relatively common benign intracranial diseases in adult. This is very rare in children reports are limited to a few cases or to those cited in reviews of series of intracranial hemorrhage in adult group. We wish to report three cases of large intracranial hematoma in three infants. The diagnosis was greatly facilitated by the CT scan and the treatment did by the microsurgical methods.
Adult ; Cerebral Hemorrhage* ; Child ; Diagnosis ; Hematoma ; Humans ; Infant ; Intracranial Hemorrhages ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed

We have experienced 20 cases of the cerebral rete mirabile from 1969 to 1975. All were proved by bilateral carotid angiography, and clinical assessment and angiographical analysis were attempted. The results were summarized as follows: 1. Age distribution was ranged from 5 to 55. The majority of 20 cases were age over 20 as 15 cases who were distributed evenly in each decade and 5 cases were age below 20. 12 cases were male and 8 female. 2. Authors classified the cases as the group of subarachnoid hemorrhage and non-subarachnoid hemorrhage conveniently. All cases of age below 20 comprised in the group of non-subarachnoid hemorrhage while majority of subarachnoid hemorrhage group were age over 20. 3. There were no contributory factors to cerebral rete mirabile with regard to past history and family background. 4. There were considerable differences in the symptoms and signs between the groups of subarachnoid hemorrhage and non-subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clinical manifestations were mainly headache and impairment of consciousness with meningeal sign in the group of subarachnoid hemorrhage. On the other hand, motor disturbance such as hemiparesis or monoparesis was occurred in the majority of non-subarachnoid hemorrhage and the minority showed speech impairment, seizure and choreiform movement. 5. All cases showed the characteristic angiographic findings of cerebral rete mirabile, which are occlusion or stenosis at the supraclinoid portion of internal carotid artery with abnormal fine vascular network around the base of brain and poor or non-visualizing anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries. The interesting picture was rete formation of ophthalmic artery in the orbit of 2 cases. There were no abnormal angiographic findings on the vertebral angiogram except retrograde filling to anterior cerebral and middle cerebral arteries through collateral channel from the posterior cerebral artery. 6. The prognosis of the cerebral rete mirabile seem to be favorable with regard to mortality. There were no death in our 20 cases during the period of observation.
Age Distribution ; Angiography ; Brain ; Carotid Artery, Internal ; Chorea ; Consciousness ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Female ; Hand ; Headache ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Mortality ; Ophthalmic Artery ; Orbit ; Paresis ; Posterior Cerebral Artery ; Prognosis ; Seizures ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

The authors describe the case of a 57-year-old female who developed subrachnoid hemorrhage secondary to rupture of posteriorly projecting, high placed aneurysm of the proximal posterior cerebral artry. This aneurysm was treated easily and successfully with the zygomatic temporopolar approach which was modification of the temporopolar approach proposed by Sano by detaching the zygomatic arch to get a wide and flexible operating field.
Aneurysm* ; Female ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Rupture ; Zygoma

Since 1967 the STA-MCA anastomosis has been popular procedure in neurosurgical operation. The meurosurgical teams at St. Paul's Hospital, Catholic Medical College, recently operated on 8 patients employing 9 times of this technique. The patients were diagnosed as four patients with complete stroke, one with traumatic middle cerebral stenosis, two with moyamoya disease, and one with huge aneurysm at intracavernous portion of ICA. The results were very encouraging of the 8 patients, 7 had favorably improved clinically, and proved by follow-up cerebral angiographies, CT Scanning, EEG or MEP recordings. The remaining one patient had intracerebral and intracerebellar hematoma, two months later after discharge, thus the result was poor. The authors would like to share with you their experiences employing the STA-MCA anastomosis technique, indications the results and the prognosis.
Aneurysm ; Cerebral Angiography ; Constriction, Pathologic ; Electroencephalography ; Follow-Up Studies ; Hematoma ; Humans ; Moyamoya Disease ; Prognosis ; Stroke ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed