The progress in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) research has shown an important role of hepatic steatosis in triggering insulin resistance and glucose/lipid metabolic disorders.As an early reversible therapeutic target for metabolic diseases,NAFLD has attracted increasing attention from endocrinologists and gastroenterologists,as well as deeping the studies in this field.Based on the recent progress in NAFLD research,this review mainly presents the new understanding and concept of NAFLD,discusses the features of the new guidelines and concensus for NAFLD treatment,and introduces some updated developments in NAFLD diagnosis and therapy.Furthermore,future directions of NAFLD research are also predicted in the article.

Researches in type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease have been made in recent years.The intimate connection between these two diseases has been analysed and explored.Whether non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a hepatic complication of type 2 diabetes remains to be elucidated.The poor outcome of liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes should be emphasized.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disorder, affecting 10%-24% of the general population, and the incidence is much higher (70% -80% ) in type 2 diabetic patients. Recent studies indicate that fatty liver is an emerging problem in the Asia-Pacific region and China. The community prevalence of NAFLD in Shanghai is 15%. A large body of evidences suggests that NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. NAFLD is not only associated with the metabolic syndrome, it also predicts the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The liver is a central organ for controlling and regulating glucose and lipids metabolism; intrahepatocellular lipid accumulation plays a key role in the development of metabolic-ally related disorders. It is crucial that specialists, especially endocrinologists, and practising clinicians should be aware of the strong association between NAFLD and increased risks of diabetes and CVD, NAFLD should be diagnosed correctly and defined timely in regarding its role as risk factors of underlying diabetes and CVD.

Three cellulose derivatives were synthesized and used as chiral stationary phases based on silica gel.The effects of adsorbances on the column numbers and stabilities have been investigated.These stationary phases exhibited high chiral recognition for various racemates.At the same time,the on-line curves of polarimeter were obtained by high performance liquid chromatography with polarimeter as on-line detector.

Objective To observe the effect and safety of modified Yishen Zhuyang Huoxue Huazhuo Formula for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) in the TCM pattern of deficiency of spleen and kidney with phlegm-dampness. Methods Totally 123 cases were recruited into this study and randomized to two groups by central random approach, 64 cases in the observation group and 59 cases in the control group. Patients in the observation group were given the modified Yishen Zhuyang Huoxue Huazhuo Formula, while those in the control group were given compound cyproterone acetate tablet, for two treatment courses, three months for one course. The changes of ovarian volume and the number of follicles before and after treatment were observed. Adverse reactions were also evaluated. Results Bilateral ovarian volumes in both groups decreased after treatment (P<0.05, P<0.01), while the control group showed a significant better improvement (P<0.05). The number of follicles in the two groups decreased, but no significant difference were observed between the two groups (P>0.05). The rate of adverse reaction in the observation group was lower than the control group. Conclusion Modified Yishen Zhuyang Huoxue Huazhuo Formula is effective for PCOS patient by reducing the ovarian volume with a low incidence of side effect.

Objective To investigate the clinical value of Holter monitor(DCG) in the diagnosis and treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM).Methods According to NT-proBNP ＞ 2 000pg/mL,left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤40％,New York Heart Association (NYHA) rated Ⅲ-Ⅳ,67 patients with DCM were divided into the high risk group and nonhigh risk group.All kinds of arrhythmia patients proportion was compared between the two groups,in order to understand the risk factors of DCM and arrhythmias.Results In high risk group,18 cases had ventricular tachycardia,the incidence rate was 66.7％,which was significantly higher than that of non high risk group (2 cases,5.0％) (x2 =29.271,P ＜ 0.01).While other arrhythmia,atrial premature beats,single premature ventricular contraction,atrial fibrillation and so on,had no statistical difference (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The DCM patients with various types of arrhythmia,ventricular tachycardia in patients directly influence the severity and prognosis,Holter monitor has an irreplaceable role.

Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) is a key transfer protein in lipid metabolism and is mainly expressed in the hepatocytes and enterocytes.It plays an important role in transferring triglyceride as well as in assembly and secretion of very low density lipoprotein.Recent studies have shown that MTP is closely related to the onset and development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Objective To investigate the effects of IL-15 eukaryotic expression plasmid on the Ag-specific immune responses induced by HPV 16 E7 vaccine in mice.Methods An eukaryotic expression plasmid encoding IL-15 gene coding region was constructed and named as pcDNA3.1IL-15.Female BALB/c mice were injected intramuscularly with pcDNA3.1-IL-15 and HPV16 E7 gene vaccine.After the immunization,the concentration of serum IFN-? were tested.Single-cell suspensions of splenocytes were prepared from mice and were re-stimulated with HPV16 E7 protein.Then,the T cell proliferation assay was measured by the MTT method.Results The concentration of serum IFN-? in mice after co-injection with pcDNA3.1-IL-15 and pcDNA3.1-E7 was raised to 414.1pg/ml,which was significantly higher than that of mice co-injected with pcDNA3.1 and pcDNA3.1-E7 or mice injected with pcDNA3.1-E7 only(P

Objective Tanycytes(TAs) is a specialized eppendymal glia that locates mostly in the ventral lateral wall of the ventricle III and median eminence(ME).Due to its peculiar location and directly exposure to the cerebrospinal fluid,blood,neuroendocrine hormones and neurons,tanycytes play an important role in the brain barrier system,brain-CSF neurohumoral circuit and immune-neuroendocrine network.They maintain immature characters during the adulthood and have naturally conducted the neuroregeneration process in the adult hypothalamus of mammal animals.This research was designed to identify tanycytes(TAs) in postnatal 7 days of Wistar rats and then establish the cell model of TAs for further study.Methods Tanycytes of postnatal 7 days of Wistar rats were identified by the immunohistochemical technology using glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) and vimentin(VIM),which are the intermediate filament markers of glia cells.The qualitative analysis was performed by the NADPH-d stain of nitric oxide sythenase(NOS).Primary TAs model was established by the cell culture technique and identified by the same methods as in vivo.Results Primary cultured TAs expressed VIM,GFAP and NOS which was identical with those in vivo.Conclusion Cell model of TAs from postnatal 7days of Wistar rats in vitro has been established and TAs could be used as a proper substrate for transplanting.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)has become one of the most common liver diseases in the world.Considering the important role of insulin resistance in its pathogenic mechanisms,insulin sensitizers are becoming the promising pharmacological strategies for NAFLD.We collected and analyzed the relevant articles in recent years and found that pioglitazone,rosiglitazone and metformin could improve liver enzymes and insulin sensitivity of NAFLD.However,only pioglitazine was supported in ameliorating liver histology by envidences from randomized,double-blinded,controlled clinical trials.There were no much obvious adverse effects in NAFLD patients who received insulin senitizers.Small or medium samples and no more than 2 years of treatment course may be the major limitation of current studies.Future information derived from well-designed running trials will be useful in defining the clinical implications of insulin sensitizers in the treatment of NAFLD.