Inflammation reaction and immune response are in-separable in the levels of system, tissue, cell and molecule. In-flammatory immune responses ( IIR) is proposed in this paper, which is defined a moderate or abnormal system responses of in-flammatory immune related cells in responding to the internal and external environment changes of body. It is described briefly that the research progresses of inflammatory immune cells ( e. g. , macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells and B cells, etc. ) and non-inflammatory immune cells ( e. g. , glial cells, endothe-lial cells, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, synovial cells and liver cells, etc. ) , and cytokines/receptor signal transduction in-volved in IIR. Moreover, the existing problems about regulating IIR drugs clinically are summarized. It is firstly put forward that soft regulation of inflammatory immune responses ( SRIIR) is a new direction of discovery and development of new drugs for the treatment of IIR related diseases.

Recent studies demonstrate that autistic spectrum disprders children have deficits in executive functiony, particularly the function referred response inhibition. The antisaccade task provides a new tool for direct evaluation of inhibitory function and a new way to explore the character of response inhibition in children with cognitive impairment. Researchers have used the technologies of eye movement to reveal the ability of oculomotor inhibition in children with autistic spectrum disprders, which is poorer than that of normal children.

The state of scale management,structure of hierarchy,professional institutions,educational system and degree,situation of academy and cost of medical education in developed countries was summarized in this article respectively to provide reference for our medical education reform.

The authors discussed ancient academy system in our country and foreign college education environment and characteristic analysis, combined with Xi′an Jiaotong university academy system student management pattern, from the college general education, the implementation of students′comprehensive ability promotion plan, build undergraduate edu-cationsecond classroom, create a harmonious community and college student life characteristic culture, medical ethics education for medical students explore a new path.

Objective To evaluate the feasible hand hygiene intervention methods to improve health care workers’ (HCWs)hand hygiene compliance,and reduce healthcare-associated infection(HAI)rate.Methods The surgical department in a hospital was selected as intervention department,intervention department was conducted baseline investigation in January-February 2013,multimodel intervention measures were conducted between March 2013 and April 2014,post-intervention survey was performed by the same method as baseline survey in May-June 2014,hand hygiene of HCWs as well as occurrence of HAI between before and after intervention was compared respectively. Results After intervention,HCWs’hand hygiene compliance before and after patient contact both enhanced signifi-cantly;HCWs’hand hygiene compliance rate increased from 53.32% before intervention to 69.27% after interven-tion,the difference was significant(χ2= 26.19,P<0.001 ). HCWs’hand hygiene modes before patient contact:liquid soap plus running water before intervention(67.02% ),alcohol-based hand rub after intervention (61 .08% );HCWs’hand hygiene modes after patient contact :both liquid soap plus running water before and after intervention (86.40% and 70.41% respectively). Before intervention,hand dry method of HCWs before and after patient con-tact was by wiping with uniforms,after intervention was by wiping with paper towel. HAI in intervention depart-ment decreased from 3.08% before intervention to 2.00% after intervention,the difference was significant(χ2=7.76,P= 0.005).Conclusion Multimodel intervention measures in intervention department can effectively improve HCWs’hand hygiene compliance rate.

Objective To investigate the effect of renal anemia variability on the progression of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease and hemoglobin variability on the incidence of cardiovascularevents,mortality and re-hospitalization rate.Methods one hundred and twenty-three patients with chronickidney disease with stage Ⅲ-Ⅴ were enrolled in this study.The information of hemoglobin variability,creatinineclearance rate (Ccr),renal function,the incidence of cardiovascular events,mortality and rehospitalization rate,the incidence of cardiovascular events,mortality and rehospitalization rate were recorded and analyzed.ResultsThe change of hemoglobin level was (20.6 ± 10.7) g/L and Ccr change level was (16.3 ± 4.1) ml/min inpatients,and the pearson correlation coefficient was 0.82.Multiple covariance analysis showed that Ccr increaselevel was higher in CKD Ⅲ-Ⅴ period patients with hemoglobin fluctuations than that of hemoglobin stabilitypatients after adjusting smoking history,blood pressure,24 h urinary protein quantitative factors (F =7.6,9.1,4.3;P＜0.05).The incidence of cardiovascular events in patients,mortality,rehospitalization rate of hemoglobinwave group were higher than those of hemoglobin stabilizing group(x2 =26.9,5.1,10.6,P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Conclusion The fluctuation of hemoglobin is able to aggravate quickly of renal function development,increasethe incidence,mortality and rehospitalization rate of cardiovascular events.

Based on both domestic and abroad research results concerning the local therapeutic efficacy, influence factors, survival time and prognosis of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in treating recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), this paper aims to make a review of medical literatures about RFA treatment of recurrent HCC that were published in Chinese and in English during the period from 2005 to 2014, and to analyze the related factors that may influence the local therapeutic efficacy and survival rate. The results indicate that the recurrent tumor size, tumor number, recurrence interval, serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP) level, serum prothrombin, etc. are important factors that will affect the therapeutic efficacy of recurrent HCC. At the same time, the results point out that the study of imaging predictors can help suggest the different recurrent types, which is very useful in making individualized follow-up strategy and in monitoring tumor recurrence. Local treatment, with RFA being the main method, together with comprehensive therapies, including other new technologies and new drugs, will improve the current clinical situation in treating recurrent HCC.

Objective Based on the literatures published between 2005 and 2014,review the correlation between reward/loss of brain structure and neural network,and its relationship with physical and mental ailments,aim to reveal the neural structure and network of behavioral decision mechanism.Methods By retrieving literatures on PubMed,ScienceDirect,CNKI and Wanfang database in September 2014,we used decision making,reward,loss aversion and so on as the key words.Results Totally 40 papers were enrolled,the result reviewed the clinic meaning and the brain structure and neural network of the reward/loss process in decision making.Conclusion Most studies found the reward/loss decision making mechanism of the brain structure and the physical and mental ailments caused by the two systems imbalance,but related to the precise decision making neural mechanism has yet to be studied further.

Palmer-foot hyperhidrosis is one kind of focal hyperhidrosis, with symptoms of sweating hands or feet. Some people even have sweat dripping off their hands or feet. This article studied the views of TCM on palmer-foot hyperhidrosis, expounded the pathological and physiological relationship between palmer-foot hyperhidrosis and spleen and stomach, and proposed that clinical treatment should be based on the syndrome differentiation and treatment of spleen and stomach, which can achieve certain efficacy.

Dignity is the idea that a being has the innate right to be valued, respected, and treated ethically. It reflects the value of life.Dignity therapymainly discusses thedignity during the period of death and dying.It involves symptom control, body integrity, au-tonomy, privacy boundaries, respect, and proper handling of personal affairs and death in peace. Dignity therapy is a unique, individu-alized, and brief psychotherapy that was developed for the purpose of relieving distress, enhancing end-of-life experience, reducing psychological and mental burden, and improving the quality of life for dying patients.