Objective To investigate distribution of Klebsiella pneumoniae infection and its drug resistance change in elderly pa‐tients during 2011 and 2013 .Methods API system was used to identify bacteria ,collected from clinical samples of elderly patients during 2011 and 2013 .Drug sensitivity was tested by using disk diffusion method .Results The isolation rate of Klebsiella pneu‐moniae from 2011 to 2013 was 9 .93% ,11 .56% and 13 .37% .During these three years ,the isolation rate of strains was the highest in Intensive Care Unit ,and the specimens mainly distributed in sputum .There was an increasing tendency of the resistance rates of Klebsiella pneumoniae to commonly used antibiotics ,though the resistant rate to piperacillin/tazobactam ,ceftazidime ,meropenem and amikacin was below 30% .Conclusion Observation on changes of drug resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae and reduction of risk factors for bacteria infection ,might be important for prohibiting the increasing of drug resistance of Klebsiella pneumoniae .

BACKGROUND: Property of artificial liver reactor is generally evaluated by using an enclosed experimental device, which is constructed through simulating bioartificial liver supporting system. Moreover, the enclosed experimental device is also comprehensively evaluated biological function of hepatocytes and biological response efficiency. In addition, it is significance for primarily evaluating the properties of polysulfone membrane hollow fiber reactor to optimize bioartificial liver supporting system. OBJECTIVE: To construct polysulfone membrane bioreactor experimental system, understand the effects on plasma of patients with severe hepatitis, and observe the feasibility of hollow fiber reactor regarded as bioartificial liver reactor. DESIGN: Repeated measurement.SETTING: General Infectious Disease Institute, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA. MATERIALS: Seven Chinese mini-pigs with 1-7 days old and of either gender were provided by Experimental Animal Center, the Third Military Medical University (certification: F99017). The animal disposal accorded to the ethical standard. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) kits were purchased from Jingmei Bioengineering Company, China; polysulfone membrane hollow fiber reactor by Shanghai Dehong Biomaterial Institute, China; Cellco culture-circular artificial capillary culture system by Spectrum Company, USA; seven plasma exponents were taken from admission patients with chronic severe hepatitis during plasma exchange. All patients provided the informed consent, and the animal experiment was conducted with confirmed consent by the local ethics committee.METHODS: This study was performed at the General Infectious Disease Institute, Southwest Hospital, the Third Military Medical University of Chinese PLA from January 2004 to July 2005. ① Experimental procedure: The experimental pigs underwent ablactation at 12 hours before experiment, and then hepatocytes were separated after cleaning their fur. An enclosed system was composed of polysulfone membrane hollow fiber reactor and Cellco culture-circular artificial capillary culture system, which were connected with oxygen-carbon dioxide diffusion tube and media holding pond. Interface of external cavity was blocked with clean rubber tampon. The separated hepatocytes underwent spheroid culture by using magnetic stirring method, and then they were inoculated in the external cavity of polysulfone membrane hollow fiber reactor. Next, 200 mL plasma from severe hepatitis patients was added in media holding pond and circled from internal cavity of reactor to media holding pond at the speed of 80 mL/min. ② Experimental evaluation: 2 mL liquid circulation separately collected from internal cavity of reactor at 0, 2, 4 and 6 hours after circulation was used to measure level of ammonia in supernatant by using glutamic dehydrogenase-violet method. In addition, content of total bilirubin was detected by using automatic biochemistry analyzer, prothrombin time by using automatic blood coagulometer, and TNF-α and TGF-β1 were detected according to the kits. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Effects of polysulfone membrane bioreactor on ammonia, bilirubin, prothrombin time, TNF-α and TGF-β1 in plasma of patients with severe hepatitis.RESULTS: ① Measurement of ammonia, total bilirubin and prothrombin time in patients with severe hepatitis: Level of ammonia decreased persistently, in particularly, the decrease was obvious from 0 to 2 hours, and then, it was decreased slowly. While, level of total bilirubin was also decreased persistently, and it was significantly lower at 6 hours than that at 0 hour (P < 0.05). Moreover, prothrombin time was decreased persistently, and it was significantly lower at 6 hours than that at 0 hour (P < 0.05). ② Measurement of TNF-α and TGF-β1 in patients with severe hepatitis: Contents of both TNF-α and TGF-β1 decreased persistently, and they were significantly lower at 6 hours than those at 0 hour (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION:Polysulfone membrane bioreactor experimental system can clear noxious substance of small molecules in plasma of patients with severe hepatitis, supply beneficial components, and decrease levels of cytokines. Therefore, it can be regarded as the bioartificial liver reactor.

Objective To compare the iodine contrast agent dosage,radiation dose and image quality in CT pulmonary angiogra-phy (CTPA)with low tube voltage and high tube current in 64-slice spiral CT.Methods 60 patients with suspected pulmonary em-bolism in our hospital were randomly chosen and divided into three groups:Group Ⅰ:20 patients,using 120 kV,180 mA,contrast dose of 70 mL.Group Ⅱ:20 patients,using 100 kV,280 mA,contrast dose of 50 mL.Group Ⅲ:20 patients,using 80 kV,automat-ic tube current modulation techniques (300-500 mA),comparative dose of 30 mL.CT values and image noise of three pulmonary central areas and a segment branch were measured in each group.Objective indicators,subjective image quality assessment,CT dose index volume (CTDIvol),dose-length product (DLP)and effective absorbed dose (ED)were compared in three groups to evaluate the value of low kV,high mA with low-contrast dose in CTPA.Analysis of variance and t-test was used for data analysis.Results Compared with those of the standard method of CTPA,all pulmonary dry in two groups of low dose were well displayed.There was no statistical significance between each two groups in image quality score (P > 0.05),but was statistical significance in CT values, noise,SNR and CNR (P < 0.01).The CT radiation dose,CTDIvol and DLP of Group Ⅱ and Group Ⅲ were significantly lower than those of Group Ⅰ (P < 0.01).Conclusion Compared with traditional methods,low dose contrast agent injections under 80 kV could reduce the dose of contrast agent and the effect of hardening artifacts due to contrast agent in superior vena cava on right pul-monary artery.It is helpful to reduce the risk of contrast induced nephropathy and reduce patients’exposure to X-ray radiation.

Objective To investigate the effects of hemolysis on glycated albumin (GA) determined by ketoamine oxidase method and its correction.Methods GA concentration and hemolytic parameter(optical density,A) in non-hemolytic serum and different degree hemolytic serum samples were measured.The impact of hemolysis on GA and the relationship between hemolysis and GA were analysed.A formula was developed to correct the interference of hemolysis on GA measurement using regressive Multiple analysis.Results Compared with non-hemolytic serum,hemolysis resulted in the significantly decreased concentrations of GA detected by ketoamine oxidase method(P ＜ 0.01),which were significantly associated with the degree of hemolysis (R2 =0.943 4).Y and Z represented GA concentration of non-hemolytic serum and different degree hemolytic serum,while X represented optical density of hemolytic parameter.Formulas for GA measurement were presented:Y =2.468X + Z-0.015 73,GA concentrations of hemolytic samples can be reverted to the values without statistical difference from the GA concentration in corresponding non-hemolytic samples.The bias of corrected GA was less than 10％.Conclusion Our results indicate that the level of GA measured through ketoamine oxidase method is negatively affected by hemolysis.The formula of mathematical correction of GA results in hemolytic samples should be suitable for the requirements of clinical laboratory.

Objective To evaluate combined posterior excision of anus and modified Block′s repair for the treatment of constipation of anterior rectocele. MethodsClinical data of 82 patients treated by combined posterior resection of anus and modified Block′s technique in our hospital between Oct 2002 and May 2004 were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsThe overall effective rate was 96%, cure rate of 67%, significant improvement of 18%, and improvement of 11%. The mean hospital stay was 18.8?4.8 days, and no postoperative complication. Follow-up from 1 to 4 years found no recurrence of constipation and loss of control of evacuation.Conclusions This procedure is effective for the treatment of constipation of anterior rectocele type, and it prevents stricture of anus in patients with a relative narrow lumen of the anus.

Objective To summarize the clinical experience of interspineter resection in treating ultra-lower rectal tumor. Methods Twenty-six ultra-lower rectal tumor cases (24 cases of rectal cancer, 2 cases of giant villous adenoma) without extrasphincter involvement underwent total mesoreetal excision and interspineter resection. Partial, subtotal or total innerspineter resection was performed respectively for patients in which the tumor lower margin was over 2 cm, between 1 -2 cm, and less than 1.0 cm above thedentate line respectively. Alimentary tract continuity was constructed by end to end anastomsis of the colon and anus. Results The lower margin of tumor in 26 patients was within 0 - 3 cm above the dentate line.The pathology was highly differentiated in 6 cases and medium differentiated in 16 cases, papillary carcinoma in 2 cases, giant villous adenoma in 2 cases. There were 11 cases of stage Ⅰ , 8 of stage Ⅱ A, 4 of stage Ⅲ A, and 1 of stage Ⅲ B according to pTNM system; 8 cases of T1, 15 of T2, and 1 of T3 according to T stage criteria. There was no mortality nor major complications. Two cases suffered from anastomotic stricture. The stool seepage was common at early stage after surgery, with immediately postoperative daily defecation of 3 -10, and one year later, most patients were able to hold back the defecation impulse for more than 5 min, and have daily defecation of 0. 5 to 4 times. Occasional seepage was reported in one patient with total innersphincter resection. The average postoperative follow up was 28 months. One recurrence was found on the 5th month, one suffered from liver metastasis in the 10 month, and one died of cardiac arrest in 26 month. Conclusion To those patients with very lower rectal cancer restricted within rectal wall,interspincter resection fulfils curative purpose while preserving the anal function.

Objective To explore the effect of carboprost tromethamine in high misk cesarean section for preventing and re-ducing postpartum hemorrhage and their side-effect .Methods 150 women underwent cesarean section with high-risk postpartum hemorrhage were randomly divided into three groups :group A (50 cases only using oxytocin) ,group B (50 cases only using carbo-prost tromethamine) and group C (50 cases using carboprost tromethamine and oxytocin) ,which were injected medicine immediate-ly after fetal disengagement .The blood loss (2 h and 24 h) ,hemoglobin ,hematocrit ,uterine contraction ,vital signs and extra treat-ment were compared among three groups .Results The amount of blood loss and the reduction of hemoglobin and hematocrit after the cesarean section in group B ,C were obviously lower than that of group A (P<0 .05) .In group B and C ,the rate of additional in-tervention was lower than group A .The incidence rate of side-effect in group B ,C was notably higher than that of group A (P<0 .01) .Conclusion Carboprost tromethamine injection in caesarean section can effectively decrease the loss of bleeding ,but the side-effect of carboprost tromethamine should be focus on .

Objective To observe the changes of bone formation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) mice and the effect of different exercises on their cAMP/CREB/Atf4 pathway and bone formation.Methods Forty four-week-old C57BL/6 male mice were randomly divided into a normal control group (ZC) of 10 and a T2DM group of 30.T2DM was induced using the high-fat diet and injection of streptozotocin.Then,the T2DM mice were randomly divided into a T2DM control group (TC),a T2DM swimming group (TS) and a T2DM downhill running group (TD),each of 10.The TS and TD groups were trained for eight weeks as their group names indicated.Then the concentration of cAMP in serum was tested using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to test the mRNA expression of the cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB),activate transcription factor 4 (ATF4),osteocalcin (OC),bone gla-protein (OCN)and bone sialoprotein (BSP) in the left tibia,and Western blotting was employed to test the protein expression of CREB in the right femur.The bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were taken and induced to differentiate into osteoblasts (OBs) and dyed using the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) solution.The left side hindlimb bone was taken and scanned the bone mineral density (BMD) of the distal end using the Skyscan Micro-CT.Results Compared with group ZC,the concentration of cAMP declined in group TC.Moreover,the mRNA expression of CREB,ATF4,OC,OCN and BSP as well as the protein expression of CREB of group TC were significantly down-regulated(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05),together with the OB osteogenic capacity and BMD (P＜0.01) compared to group ZC.Compared with group TC,significant increase was observed in the mRNA expression of OC and OCN (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05),as well as the OB osteogenic capacity of group TS.The concentration of cAMP of group TD decreased,the mRNA expression of CREB,ATF4,OC and OCN,as well as the protein expression of CREB were all significantly up-regulated (P＜0.01 or P＜0.05) compared with group TD.The OB osteogenic capacity and BMD(P＜0.05) of group TD also increased significantly.Compared with group TS,the concentration of cAMP(P＜0.05) and the OB osteogenic capacity increased,and the mRNA expression of CREB,ATF4 and OC of group TD increased significantly(P＜0.01 or P＜0.05).Conclusion The bone formation metabolism of type 2 diabetic mice is inhibited.The downhill running is superior to swimming in promoting the osteoblast differentiation and bone formation,as well as the bone mineral density through activating the cAMP/CREB/Atf4 pathway in the bone of T2DM mice.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the relationship between the expression of glucose regulated protein 94 (GRP94) at the level of mRNA and protein in vivo and in human lung cancer.

METHODSRT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and/or Western blot were used in 54 cases of lung cancer tissues and corresponding normal lung tissues.

RESULTSThere was a significant overexpression of GRP94 mRNA and protein in lung cancer tissues as compared with lung normal tissues. In lung cancer tissue, the relative level of GRP94 mRNA as evaluated by RT-PCR was 3.48 +/- 2.06, the level of GRP94 protein as evaluated by immunohistochemistry was + + to + + +, and by Western blot was 256.7 +/- 80.6. In lung normal tissue, the relative level of GRP94 mRNA was 2.01 +/- 1.83, the level of GRP94 protein was + to + + and 108.1 +/- 42.3. The differences in expression of GRP94 between the two tissues were significant (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the over-expression of GRP94 in the lung cancer tissues was correlated to grade of differentiation and stage of tumors. There was stronger expression in poor-differentiated tumors than in mild-to-high differentiated tumors (P < 0.05). There was also a stronger expression in stage III than in stage I and II tumors (P < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found among various pathological types of tumors.

CONCLUSIONGRP94 was related with the occurrence, differentiation and progress of human lung cancer. Ascertaining the levels of GRP94 mRNA and protein may be valuable in evaluating the grade of differentiation and clinical stage of human lung cancer.

Adult ; Aged ; Blotting, Western ; Endoplasmic Reticulum ; chemistry ; Female ; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins ; analysis ; genetics ; Humans ; Immunohistochemistry ; Lung ; chemistry ; Lung Neoplasms ; chemistry ; pathology ; Male ; Membrane Proteins ; analysis ; genetics ; Middle Aged ; Neoplasm Staging ; RNA, Messenger ; analysis

The slow progress in clinical applications of stem cells and the bewildering mechanisms involved have puzzled many researchers. Recently, the increasing evidences have indicated that cells have superior plasticity in vivo or in vitro, spontaneously or under extrinsic specific inducers. The concept of stem cells may be challenged, or even replaced by the concept of cell plasticity when cell reprogramming technology is progressing rapidly. The characteristics of stem cells are manifestations of cellular plasticity. Incorrect understanding of the concept of stem cells hinders the clinical application of so-called stem cells. Understanding cellular plasticity is important for understanding and treating disease. The above issues will be discussed in detail to prove the reconceptualization of stem cells from cellular plasticity.
Cell Plasticity ; Cellular Reprogramming ; In Vitro Techniques ; Plastics ; Stem Cells