Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis among Filipinos, characterized by hyperuricemia leading to mono- sodium urate crystal deposition and an ensuing inflammatory response. Though typically a disorder of middle- aged and older adults, tophaceous gout presenting before the age of 30 is rare and suggests aggressive disease progression. Allopurinol, a first-line urate-lowering therapy, is generally effective but may cause rare, potentially life-threatening adverse reactions such as allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS). Febuxostat, a non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitor, is an alternative for patients intolerant to allopurinol. Although hypersensitivity reactions to febuxostat are extremely rare, isolated case reports document their occurrence in both patients with prior AHS and in allopurinol-naïve individuals. Hypersensitivity to both agents is exceedingly uncommon and presents a major therapeutic challenge. In such cases, febuxostat desensitization, conducted in collaboration with allergy specialists, may permit a viable solution to safely reintroduce urate-lowering therapy and prevent further disease progression. This case report describes a patient with young-onset, tophaceous gout who developed severe hypersensitivity reactions to both allopurinol and febuxostat — an unusual and challenging therapeutic dilemma. The case highlights the need for individualized management strategies, including the consideration of drug desensitization, in patients with limited urate-lowering options.

Human ; Male ; Adult: 25-44 Yrs Old ; World Health Organization ; Therapeutics ; Specialization ; Solutions ; Research Report ; Pharmaceutical Preparations

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Barangay Health Workers (BHW) are a crucial part of the local health system. Health services at the barangay level are heavily dependent on BHWs. However, despite their significant role in the local health system, support has been minimal and not commensurate with their contributions. The study aimed to identify the perceived external and internal factors that affect the performance of BHWs.

METHODS

The study identified the BHW-perceived external and internal factors affecting performance, through mixed quantitative and qualitative methods. A self-administered questionnaire with a 4-point Likert scale that will assess the factors was given to 561 BHWs from five different upland municipalities of Cavite. A focus group discussion using open-ended questions was conducted to gain an in-depth understanding of their experiences. Emerging themes were reported into narratives.

RESULTS

BHWs maintained a strong level of participation at required health activities, but more than half were often late, owing to their volunteer status and external responsibilities. They were perceived to have a high sense of duty reflected by punctual submission of reports and confidence in delivering health services. Job satisfaction emerged as a substantial motivator while burnout was not a significant demotivator. Leadership and support from local government and health program management were perceived positively by most BHWs. Service delivery confidence was high among BHWs as reflected in their capability to provide expected services. BHWs perceived that challenges were present in terms of the adequacy of medicines and supplies, and on data transmission, although half were generally satisfied with the organization of health records. Human resources were perceived to be sufficient. Financial aspects showed that while most BHWs do not contribute personally to patient care, a significant minority shell out resources for patients, reflecting financial strains within the health system. The study also revealed the varying motivations for volunteering, including community service, staff shortages, knowledge acquisition, and additional income.

CONCLUSION

External and internal factors affect the performance of BHWs at the local level. These were related to current health systems, political climate, personal household duties, and financial status. Despite facing these challenges, the BHWs showed commendable involvement in local health programs. BHWs remained motivated through training opportunities and positive community feedback but were hindered by a lack of health science knowledge and the need for supplementary income.

Human ; Local Government

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as the causative agent of COVID-19 has significantly challenged the public health landscape in late 2019. After almost 3 years of the first ever SARS-CoV-2 case, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the end of this global health emergency in May 2023. Although, despite the subsequent drop of COVID-19 cases, the SARS-CoV-2 infection still exhibited multiple waves of infection, primarily attributed to the appearance of new variants. Five of these variants have been classified as Variants of Concern (VOC): Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and the most recent, Omicron. Therefore, the development of methods for the timely and accurate detection of viral variants remains fundamental, ensuring an ongoing and effective response to the disease. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of the application of an in-house approach in genomic surveillance for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants using in silico designed primers.

METHODS

The primers used for the study were particularly designed based on conserved regions of certain genes in the virus, targeting distinct mutations found in known variants of SARS-CoV-2. Viral RNA extracts from nasopharyngeal samples (n=14) were subjected to quantitative and qualitative tests (Nanodrop and AGE). Selected samples were then analyzed by RT-PCR and amplicons were submitted for sequencing. Sequence alignment analysis was carried out to identify the prevailing COVID-19 variant present in the sample population.

RESULTS

The study findings demonstrated that the in-house method was able to successfully amplify conserved sequences (spike, envelope, membrane, ORF1ab) and enabled identification of the circulating SARS-CoV-2 variant among the samples. Majority of the samples were identified as Omicron variant. Three out of four designed primers effectively bound into the conserved sequence of target genes present in the sample, revealing the specific SARSCoV-2 variant. The detected mutations characterized for Omicron found in the identified lineages included K417N, S477N, and P681H which were also identified as mutations of interest. Furthermore, identification of the B.1.448 lineage which was not classified in any known variant also provided the potential of the developed in-house method in detecting unknown variants of COVID-19.

CONCLUSION

Among the five VOCs, Omicron is the most prevalent and dominant variant. The in-house direct PCR product sequencing surveillance (DPPSS) method provided an alternative platform for SAR-CoV-2 variant analysis which is accessible and affordable than the conventional diagnostic surveillance methods and the whole genome sequencing. Further evaluation and improvements on the oligonucleotide primers may offer significant contribution to the development of a specific and direct PCRbased detection of new emerging COVID-19 variants.

Sars-cov-2 ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Dna Primers ; Oligonucleotide Primers ; Computer Simulation ; Conserved Sequence ; Coronavirus ; Covid-19 ; Disease ; Emergencies ; Evaluation Studies As Topic ; Genes ; Genome ; Global Health ; Health ; Identification (psychology) ; Infection ; Infections ; Membranes ; Methods ; Mutation ; Oligonucleotides ; Organizations ; Population ; Public Health ; Rna ; Rna, Viral ; Sars Virus ; Sequence Alignment ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ; Syndrome ; Viruses ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; World Health Organization

BACKGROUND

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory arthritis and extra-articular involvement. Comorbidities are highly prevalent in patients with RA, in particular cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is responsible for over 50% of premature deaths. This study aimed to describe cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors among patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the Philippine General Hospital (PGH).

OBJECTIVE

To describe cardiovascular (CV) diseases and their risk factors among patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

METHODS

A retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study was done in the University of the Philippines – Philippine General Hospital (UP-PGH) inpatient and outpatient services. The study included patients 18 years old and above diagnosed with RA and fulfills the 1987 American College of Rheumatology or 2010 American College of Rheumatology-European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) classification criteria with no overlap features with other autoimmune connective tissue diseases and with complete records of the information required for the study from January 2019-December 2022. The primary outcomes of interest were the prevalence of CV diseases and CV risk factors. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data.

RESULTS

There were 123 patients in the study, 93.4% outpatients, and 95.1% females, with a mean age and disease duration of 51.3 and 9.8 years, respectively. Disease activity was moderate in 35% and high in 9.7%, based on disease activity score (DAS 28) or clinical disease activity index (CDAI) scores. Methotrexate (54%) was the most commonly used conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (csDMARD). Glucocorticoid use was observed in 51.2%. None of the patients were receiving a biologic DMARD. There were 24 (19.5%) patients with CV diseases, namely myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke. There were 87 (70%) patients with at least one CV risk factor and 62 (50.4%) with multiple risk factors. The risk factors identified were: dyslipidemia (43.1%), hypertension (40.7%), elevated body mass index (35.7%), and diabetes mellitus (15.4%). There were f ive deaths in the hospitalized patients (4%), one due to a myocardial infarction.

CONCLUSION

The majority (70%) in our cohort had at least one CV risk factor, 19.5% had an identified CV disease, and one died from a myocardial infarction. Dyslipidemia was the most common CV risk factor. The high proportion of patients with CV disease and CV risk factors highlights the need to add the screening and management of CV diseases and risk factors as a priority among patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Human ; Female ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Asian

INTRODUCTION

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are both prevalent globally. The diagnosis and management of ACS in ESRD is difficult because the interplay of cardiovascular and renal disease is complicated. The guidelines for ACS may not be applicable to the ESRD population because the trials from which these are drawn mostly excluded ESRD patients.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the clinical profile and outcomes of CKD patients on dialysis admitted for ACS in the Philippine General Hospital (PGH).

METHODS

We did a retrospective cohort study and employed a retrospective review of electronic medical records among ESRD patients presenting with ACS in PGH from May 2021 to November 2023. The collected data was analyzed using univariate and bivariate statistics using PRISM software.

RESULTS

A total of 48 patients with ESRD were admitted for ACS in this study – 8 with STEMI and 40 with NSTEMI. The mean age was 61 years old and 33 (68.8%) were male. Among those with STEMI, six (75%) presented with Kilip II or more. While among those with NSTEMI, 17 (42.5%) had a GRACE score >140 and 27 (67.5%) had an NSTEMI TIMI risk score >2. On average, the patients were on hemodialysis for 31 months prior to admission. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (91.7%) and heart failure (83.3%). On admission, 18 (37.5%) presented with SBP >160, 7 (14.6%) patients presented with shock, and 4 (8.3%) patients presented with cardiac arrest. 38 (79.2%) patients had anemia on admission. 21 (43.8%) patients had left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiogram while 34 (70.8%) patients had cardiomegaly on chest radiography. The average left ventricular ejection fraction on echocardiogram was 46% and 27 (90%) patients had segmental wall motion abnormalities. The most common angiographic finding was 3-vessel coronary artery disease seen in 50% of patients. Almost all patients received dualantiplatelet therapy, high dose statin, and beta-blocker. The mortality rate was high at 43.8% with cardiovascular causes being the most common cause of death.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates the high mortality rate among patients with ESRD presenting with ACS. Our study portrays that patients with ESRD present with higher risk features including abnormalities in vital signs, laboratories, imaging, high prognostications score, and high in-hospital morbidity.

Human ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; End-stage Renal Disease ; Acute Coronary Syndrome ; Myocardial Infarction

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to investigate the potential anti-angiogenic effects of acetone extracts from Annona squamosa leaves in vivo.

METHODS

Crude acetone extract of A. squamosa leaves was prepared via simple maceration. Physicochemical and phytochemical screening of the extract were also performed. The anti-angiogenic effect of A. squamosa was assessed using in vivo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, with quantitative analysis performed using ImageJ software (U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA). The eggs were treated with 1000 ppm, 500 ppm, and 250 ppm doses of the extract. Quercetin was utilized as the positive control while distilled water was used as the negative control.

RESULTS

The results of the study showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds in the leaves of A. squamosa. CAM assay revealed a significant (PCONCLUSION

The acetone extract of A. squamosa leaves possesses anti-angiogenic properties in vivo, suggesting its potential for developing anti-angiogenic agents. Further research to identify and isolate the specific bioactive compounds responsible for this activity is recommended.

Plants ; Alkaloids ; Flavonoids ; Phytochemicals

Knee pain is a common clinical complaint with a broad differential diagnosis. In critically ill patients, acute monoarticular pain and swelling typically raise concern for septic arthritis. However, alternative etiologies such as crystal-induced arthritis, trauma, and hemarthrosis must also be considered.

This report presents a rare case of spontaneous hemarthrosis in a patient receiving prophylactic enoxaparin. Although uncommon, spontaneous hemarthrosis is a significant complication of anticoagulation therapy, particularly with low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) like enoxaparin.

Human ; Male ; Aged: 65-79 Yrs Old ; Hemarthrosis ; Covid-19 ; Enoxaparin

Background: In recent years, scientists have found that certain natural compounds have significant potential in cancer prevention and early-stage cancer treatment. Flavanones, a class of polyphenolic compounds found in plants, vegetables, seeds, fruit peels, and flowers, have been identified to possess anticancer, antioxidant, anti- inflammatory, and antibacterial bioactivities. Cancer has become a major global challenge in terms of both economic and public health concerns. Global statistics indicate that 22.8% of deaths are attributed to non-communicable diseases, and 16.8% are caused by cancer, accounting for one in four and one in six deaths, respectively. Aim : To investigate anticancer effects of Iris Tenuifolia-derived flavanone on cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods : The study was conducted at the Bio-Medical Research Institute of the Mongolian National Uni versity of Medical Sciences, investigating the effect of flavanones on cancer cell viability under in vitro conditions using the MTT assay. In the study, colon, liver, and lung cancer cells were cultured, stabilized, and used for the experiments. Colorectal cancer cells (MC38), liver cancer cells (HepG2), and lung cancer cells (A549) were revived, cultured, and stabilized for use in the experimental procedures. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using Microsoft Excel 2010, and graphs were generated using GraphPad Prism 8. Differences between groups were analyzed using Student’s t-test, and a p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results : We treated MC38, HepG2, and A549 cancer cells with different concentrations of flavanone (2.5 µM, 5 µM, and 10 µM) for 24 to 48 hours to evaluate cell viability. Flavanone inhibited A549 cell viability by 2.5 μM-10%, 5 μM-25%, and 10 μM-38%, respectively. For HepG2 cells, flavanone treatment at concentrations of 5-10 µM reduced cell viability by 28–58%. No statistically significant effect on the viability of MC38 cells was observed following treatment with flavanone at concentrations ranging from 2.5 to 10 µM. Additionally, although MC38 inhibited cell viability in a dose-de pendent manner in cell cultures, it had a statistically significant effect at higher concentrations of 30-200 μM (p<0.01). Conclusion Flavanone inhibits the cancer cell viability in a dose and time dependent manner

Background: The first confirmed case of COVID-19 in Mongolia was reported on November 11, 2020. In response, the government imposed a nationwide lockdown, which significantly impacted the population’s mental health. Heightened levels of stress, anxiety, loneliness, and depression during the pandemic altered individuals’ psychological stability and behavior. Personality traits—defined as relatively stable patterns of emotion, cognition, and behavior—play a key role in stress responses and emotional regulation under pressure. Emerging evidence suggests that these psychological factors may influence the immune system’s responsiveness, including vaccine-induced antibody production. Aim: To evaluate the association between post-vaccination antibody responses and personality types following two doses of COVID-19 vaccines. Materials and Methods: A total of 738 participants who received two doses of COVID-19 vaccines (AstraZeneca ChAdOx1, n=29; Pfizer-BioNTech, n=119; Sinopharm BBIBP, n=590) and had no prior SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled. Serum samples were collected 21–28 days after the second dose, and SARS-CoV-2 RBD (S) IgG antibodies were measured using ELISA (Proteintech Inc., USA). Personality types were assessed using a 56-item temperament questionnaire developed by A. Belov, categorizing individuals into classical temperament types (choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine, melancholic). Logistic regression and ROC analysis were used to examine associations between personality types and antibody response. Results: The presence of an antibody response was significantly higher among individuals with a melancholic temperament, and significantly lower among those with a phlegmatic temperament. Furthermore, antibody titers were higher in participants with melancholic and sanguine temperaments and lower in those with a phlegmatic type. Conclusions 1. During the early period following the second dose of COVID-19 vaccination, the antibody response was higher in individuals with a pure melancholic temperament, while it was lower in those with a phlegmatic temperament. 2. After the second dose of the Sinopharm BBIBP COVID-19 vaccine, antibody titers were higher in individuals with pure melancholic and sanguine temperaments, and lower in those with a phlegmatic temperament.

Background: The study of small-molecule compounds with antitumor activity involves several crucial steps. These include determining their selective effects on cancer cells, understanding the type of cell death they induce, identifying the activated signaling pathways, pinpointing the target molecules, and elucidating the mechanisms of action. Among the plant-derived compounds with anticancer properties, flavonoids are notable for their ease of isolation and their abundance in food. Apigetrin, a representative flavonoid, is a secondary metabolite found in plants, and our previous study indicated that its anticancer selectivity index was 13.1. However, the specific mechanism by which apigetrin inhibits leukemia cell growth remains unclear. Aim: To study of the inhibitory action of apigenin on leukemia cell culture Materials and Methods: In this study, we evaluated the apoptosis of cells using flow cytometry and investigated the in volvement of the caspase pathway through the use of pancaspase inhibitors to explore the effects of apigetrin on leukemia cell growth. Results: After incubating leukemia RAW264.7 cells with 30 μM apigetrin for 24 and 48 hours, we did not detect any apoptosis through Annexin V and PI staining by flow cytometry. We compared the number of viable cells using the MTT assay after 24-hour treatment of apigetrin with or without pretreatment of Z-VAD, a pancaspase inhibitor, for 30 minutes. The results indicated that the pancaspase inhibitor did not reduce the inhibitory effect of apigetrin on the growth of RAW264.7 cells. In contrast, the positive control group, treated with doxorubicin—which induces apoptosis—showed not only significant apoptosis but also a reduction of the pancaspase inhibitor on the cell growth inhibition. Therefore, these data suggested that apigetrin likely has a cytostatic effect or inhibits the cell cycle rather than being cytotoxic. Future research should focus on determining which stage of the cell cycle RAW264.7 cells treated with apigetrin are in, as well as studying the signaling pathways involved in the cell cycle. Conclusions Apigetrin inhibits the proliferation of RAW264.7 leukemia cells in a caspase-independent and non-apoptotic manner.