Gout is the most common inflammatory arthritis among Filipinos, characterized by hyperuricemia leading to mono- sodium urate crystal deposition and an ensuing inflammatory response. Though typically a disorder of middle- aged and older adults, tophaceous gout presenting before the age of 30 is rare and suggests aggressive disease progression. Allopurinol, a first-line urate-lowering therapy, is generally effective but may cause rare, potentially life-threatening adverse reactions such as allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS). Febuxostat, a non-purine xanthine oxidase inhibitor, is an alternative for patients intolerant to allopurinol. Although hypersensitivity reactions to febuxostat are extremely rare, isolated case reports document their occurrence in both patients with prior AHS and in allopurinol-naïve individuals. Hypersensitivity to both agents is exceedingly uncommon and presents a major therapeutic challenge. In such cases, febuxostat desensitization, conducted in collaboration with allergy specialists, may permit a viable solution to safely reintroduce urate-lowering therapy and prevent further disease progression. This case report describes a patient with young-onset, tophaceous gout who developed severe hypersensitivity reactions to both allopurinol and febuxostat — an unusual and challenging therapeutic dilemma. The case highlights the need for individualized management strategies, including the consideration of drug desensitization, in patients with limited urate-lowering options.

Human ; Male ; Adult: 25-44 Yrs Old ; World Health Organization ; Therapeutics ; Specialization ; Solutions ; Research Report ; Pharmaceutical Preparations

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Barangay Health Workers (BHW) are a crucial part of the local health system. Health services at the barangay level are heavily dependent on BHWs. However, despite their significant role in the local health system, support has been minimal and not commensurate with their contributions. The study aimed to identify the perceived external and internal factors that affect the performance of BHWs.

METHODS

The study identified the BHW-perceived external and internal factors affecting performance, through mixed quantitative and qualitative methods. A self-administered questionnaire with a 4-point Likert scale that will assess the factors was given to 561 BHWs from five different upland municipalities of Cavite. A focus group discussion using open-ended questions was conducted to gain an in-depth understanding of their experiences. Emerging themes were reported into narratives.

RESULTS

BHWs maintained a strong level of participation at required health activities, but more than half were often late, owing to their volunteer status and external responsibilities. They were perceived to have a high sense of duty reflected by punctual submission of reports and confidence in delivering health services. Job satisfaction emerged as a substantial motivator while burnout was not a significant demotivator. Leadership and support from local government and health program management were perceived positively by most BHWs. Service delivery confidence was high among BHWs as reflected in their capability to provide expected services. BHWs perceived that challenges were present in terms of the adequacy of medicines and supplies, and on data transmission, although half were generally satisfied with the organization of health records. Human resources were perceived to be sufficient. Financial aspects showed that while most BHWs do not contribute personally to patient care, a significant minority shell out resources for patients, reflecting financial strains within the health system. The study also revealed the varying motivations for volunteering, including community service, staff shortages, knowledge acquisition, and additional income.

CONCLUSION

External and internal factors affect the performance of BHWs at the local level. These were related to current health systems, political climate, personal household duties, and financial status. Despite facing these challenges, the BHWs showed commendable involvement in local health programs. BHWs remained motivated through training opportunities and positive community feedback but were hindered by a lack of health science knowledge and the need for supplementary income.

Human ; Local Government

Congenital divided nevus of the eyelids is a rare form of melanocytic nevus which involves contiguous portions of the upper and lower eyelid margins unilaterally, hence the term ‘kissing nevus’. While usually present at birth, these nevi may also appear later in life. When the mass enlarges, it may cause cosmetic issues to the patient, as well as functional problems such as mechanical ptosis, ectropion, and epiphora.

We report three cases of congenital divided nevus of the eyelids, all presenting with unilateral upper and lower hyperpigmented lid masses since birth. The first case had an upper lid mass measuring 11 mm x 19 mm, and a lower lid mass measuring 55 mm x 47 mm, with both masses extending into the palpebral conjunctiva, and causing severe ptosis and corneal neovascularization due to chronic irritation. The second case presented with hyperpigmented masses at the lateral third of the right upper eyelid measuring 8 mm x 17 mm and of the lower eyelid measuring 9 mm x 15 mm on the lower lid with lashes growing through the masses. There was extension of the mass into the palpebral conjunctiva. The third case presented with a 23 x 18 mm hyperpigmented, well-circumscribed, verrucated mass at the medial half of the upper eyelid crossing the eyelid margin, and a 15 x 13 mm lesion at the medial third of the lower lid with the same characteristics, with small crusty lesions and clotted blood. All three patients underwent excision biopsy with lid reconstruction using full thickness skin grafts from the supraclavicular area. Six months postoperatively, the first case underwent a repeat full thickness skin graft due to graft contraction, and also received two sessions of fractional carbon dioxide (CO2 ) laser, two sessions of intralesional triamcinolone injections, and silicone gel application with further improvement of graft healing and scarring. The second case also underwent two sessions of intralesional steroid injection for scar management. During follow-up, which spanned 13 months for the first case, 10 months for the second case, and two months for the third case, improved functional and cosmetic outcomes were observed.

This case series highlights the outcomes of the most common surgical technique done for congenital divided nevi of the eyelids. Congenital divided nevi are usually diagnosed clinically and malignant degeneration is rare, hence lid reconstruction may be done without frozen section. The cases in the series were treated due to cosmetic and functional purposes, hence the importance of continuous post-operative follow-up to monitor for graft dehiscence, scar development, recurrence of the mass, malignant degeneration, and development of lid malposition. Additional procedures for scar management, such as CO2 laser and intralesional steroid injections, may be necessary to further enhance outcomes in complex cases. All three cases in this series exhibited improved functional and cosmetic outcomes post-operatively, with significant reduction in ptosis and scarring. Longterm follow-up revealed satisfactory recovery with minimal complications, with no recurrence nor malignant degeneration.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Adult: 25-44 Yrs Old ; Young Adult: 19-24 Yrs Old ; Nevus ; Nevus, Pigmented

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as the causative agent of COVID-19 has significantly challenged the public health landscape in late 2019. After almost 3 years of the first ever SARS-CoV-2 case, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the end of this global health emergency in May 2023. Although, despite the subsequent drop of COVID-19 cases, the SARS-CoV-2 infection still exhibited multiple waves of infection, primarily attributed to the appearance of new variants. Five of these variants have been classified as Variants of Concern (VOC): Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and the most recent, Omicron. Therefore, the development of methods for the timely and accurate detection of viral variants remains fundamental, ensuring an ongoing and effective response to the disease. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of the application of an in-house approach in genomic surveillance for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants using in silico designed primers.

METHODS

The primers used for the study were particularly designed based on conserved regions of certain genes in the virus, targeting distinct mutations found in known variants of SARS-CoV-2. Viral RNA extracts from nasopharyngeal samples (n=14) were subjected to quantitative and qualitative tests (Nanodrop and AGE). Selected samples were then analyzed by RT-PCR and amplicons were submitted for sequencing. Sequence alignment analysis was carried out to identify the prevailing COVID-19 variant present in the sample population.

RESULTS

The study findings demonstrated that the in-house method was able to successfully amplify conserved sequences (spike, envelope, membrane, ORF1ab) and enabled identification of the circulating SARS-CoV-2 variant among the samples. Majority of the samples were identified as Omicron variant. Three out of four designed primers effectively bound into the conserved sequence of target genes present in the sample, revealing the specific SARSCoV-2 variant. The detected mutations characterized for Omicron found in the identified lineages included K417N, S477N, and P681H which were also identified as mutations of interest. Furthermore, identification of the B.1.448 lineage which was not classified in any known variant also provided the potential of the developed in-house method in detecting unknown variants of COVID-19.

CONCLUSION

Among the five VOCs, Omicron is the most prevalent and dominant variant. The in-house direct PCR product sequencing surveillance (DPPSS) method provided an alternative platform for SAR-CoV-2 variant analysis which is accessible and affordable than the conventional diagnostic surveillance methods and the whole genome sequencing. Further evaluation and improvements on the oligonucleotide primers may offer significant contribution to the development of a specific and direct PCRbased detection of new emerging COVID-19 variants.

Sars-cov-2 ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Dna Primers ; Oligonucleotide Primers ; Computer Simulation ; Conserved Sequence ; Coronavirus ; Covid-19 ; Disease ; Emergencies ; Evaluation Studies As Topic ; Genes ; Genome ; Global Health ; Health ; Identification (psychology) ; Infection ; Infections ; Membranes ; Methods ; Mutation ; Oligonucleotides ; Organizations ; Population ; Public Health ; Rna ; Rna, Viral ; Sars Virus ; Sequence Alignment ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ; Syndrome ; Viruses ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; World Health Organization

BACKGROUND

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory arthritis and extra-articular involvement. Comorbidities are highly prevalent in patients with RA, in particular cardiovascular disease (CVD), which is responsible for over 50% of premature deaths. This study aimed to describe cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors among patients with rheumatoid arthritis in the Philippine General Hospital (PGH).

OBJECTIVE

To describe cardiovascular (CV) diseases and their risk factors among patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

METHODS

A retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study was done in the University of the Philippines – Philippine General Hospital (UP-PGH) inpatient and outpatient services. The study included patients 18 years old and above diagnosed with RA and fulfills the 1987 American College of Rheumatology or 2010 American College of Rheumatology-European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) classification criteria with no overlap features with other autoimmune connective tissue diseases and with complete records of the information required for the study from January 2019-December 2022. The primary outcomes of interest were the prevalence of CV diseases and CV risk factors. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data.

RESULTS

There were 123 patients in the study, 93.4% outpatients, and 95.1% females, with a mean age and disease duration of 51.3 and 9.8 years, respectively. Disease activity was moderate in 35% and high in 9.7%, based on disease activity score (DAS 28) or clinical disease activity index (CDAI) scores. Methotrexate (54%) was the most commonly used conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (csDMARD). Glucocorticoid use was observed in 51.2%. None of the patients were receiving a biologic DMARD. There were 24 (19.5%) patients with CV diseases, namely myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke. There were 87 (70%) patients with at least one CV risk factor and 62 (50.4%) with multiple risk factors. The risk factors identified were: dyslipidemia (43.1%), hypertension (40.7%), elevated body mass index (35.7%), and diabetes mellitus (15.4%). There were f ive deaths in the hospitalized patients (4%), one due to a myocardial infarction.

CONCLUSION

The majority (70%) in our cohort had at least one CV risk factor, 19.5% had an identified CV disease, and one died from a myocardial infarction. Dyslipidemia was the most common CV risk factor. The high proportion of patients with CV disease and CV risk factors highlights the need to add the screening and management of CV diseases and risk factors as a priority among patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Human ; Female ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid ; Asian

INTRODUCTION

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) are both prevalent globally. The diagnosis and management of ACS in ESRD is difficult because the interplay of cardiovascular and renal disease is complicated. The guidelines for ACS may not be applicable to the ESRD population because the trials from which these are drawn mostly excluded ESRD patients.

OBJECTIVE

To determine the clinical profile and outcomes of CKD patients on dialysis admitted for ACS in the Philippine General Hospital (PGH).

METHODS

We did a retrospective cohort study and employed a retrospective review of electronic medical records among ESRD patients presenting with ACS in PGH from May 2021 to November 2023. The collected data was analyzed using univariate and bivariate statistics using PRISM software.

RESULTS

A total of 48 patients with ESRD were admitted for ACS in this study – 8 with STEMI and 40 with NSTEMI. The mean age was 61 years old and 33 (68.8%) were male. Among those with STEMI, six (75%) presented with Kilip II or more. While among those with NSTEMI, 17 (42.5%) had a GRACE score >140 and 27 (67.5%) had an NSTEMI TIMI risk score >2. On average, the patients were on hemodialysis for 31 months prior to admission. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (91.7%) and heart failure (83.3%). On admission, 18 (37.5%) presented with SBP >160, 7 (14.6%) patients presented with shock, and 4 (8.3%) patients presented with cardiac arrest. 38 (79.2%) patients had anemia on admission. 21 (43.8%) patients had left ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiogram while 34 (70.8%) patients had cardiomegaly on chest radiography. The average left ventricular ejection fraction on echocardiogram was 46% and 27 (90%) patients had segmental wall motion abnormalities. The most common angiographic finding was 3-vessel coronary artery disease seen in 50% of patients. Almost all patients received dualantiplatelet therapy, high dose statin, and beta-blocker. The mortality rate was high at 43.8% with cardiovascular causes being the most common cause of death.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates the high mortality rate among patients with ESRD presenting with ACS. Our study portrays that patients with ESRD present with higher risk features including abnormalities in vital signs, laboratories, imaging, high prognostications score, and high in-hospital morbidity.

Human ; Kidney Failure, Chronic ; End-stage Renal Disease ; Acute Coronary Syndrome ; Myocardial Infarction

OBJECTIVE

The study aimed to investigate the potential anti-angiogenic effects of acetone extracts from Annona squamosa leaves in vivo.

METHODS

Crude acetone extract of A. squamosa leaves was prepared via simple maceration. Physicochemical and phytochemical screening of the extract were also performed. The anti-angiogenic effect of A. squamosa was assessed using in vivo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay, with quantitative analysis performed using ImageJ software (U. S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA). The eggs were treated with 1000 ppm, 500 ppm, and 250 ppm doses of the extract. Quercetin was utilized as the positive control while distilled water was used as the negative control.

RESULTS

The results of the study showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds in the leaves of A. squamosa. CAM assay revealed a significant (PCONCLUSION

The acetone extract of A. squamosa leaves possesses anti-angiogenic properties in vivo, suggesting its potential for developing anti-angiogenic agents. Further research to identify and isolate the specific bioactive compounds responsible for this activity is recommended.

Plants ; Alkaloids ; Flavonoids ; Phytochemicals

Knee pain is a common clinical complaint with a broad differential diagnosis. In critically ill patients, acute monoarticular pain and swelling typically raise concern for septic arthritis. However, alternative etiologies such as crystal-induced arthritis, trauma, and hemarthrosis must also be considered.

This report presents a rare case of spontaneous hemarthrosis in a patient receiving prophylactic enoxaparin. Although uncommon, spontaneous hemarthrosis is a significant complication of anticoagulation therapy, particularly with low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) like enoxaparin.

Human ; Male ; Aged: 65-79 Yrs Old ; Hemarthrosis ; Covid-19 ; Enoxaparin

Appendicitis is one of the most commonly encountered general surgery emergencies worldwide and has been extensively studied. However, anatomical variations in the position of the appendix may result in atypical clinical presentations, leading to diagnostic difficulty and delays in management. Reported here is a case of subhepatic appendicitis in a young adult patient who successfully underwent laparoscopic appendectomy. Subhepatic appendicitis is a rare surgical entity that should be considered in patients presenting with right upper quadrant abdominal pain. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography and laparoscopy are valuable tools in the diagnosis and management of this uncommon condition.

Human ; Female ; Adult: 25-44 Yrs Old ; Laparoscopy ; Appendectomy ; Appendix ; Appendicitis ; Abdominal Pain

For decades, estrogens have been regarded as reproductive hormones. However, research in the last few years has altered this perspective. It has been shown that estrogen signaling plays a widespread and crucial role in regulating brain function throughout life in both men and women. This review summarizes recent studies from 2005 to 2025 on how estrogens work in the brain, including their mechanisms, targets, and effects. We outline where nuclear estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ) and membrane-associated receptors (like GPER1) are found in the brain. We also highlight their roles in synaptic plasticity, adult neurogenesis, inflammation and energy use. We examine the protective and cognitive benefits of estrogens, particularly regarding neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, psychiatric issues such as depression, and brain injuries. We emphasize the importance of timing, dosage, and hormonal context within the "window of opportunity" or "critical period" hypothesis. Recent updates to hormone replacement therapy (HRT) guidelines highlight the brain health benefits of starting treatment early.