Background: The main risk factors for childhood overweight and obesity include the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and other sweetened foods. The sugar content of sugar-sweetened beverages was different from the nutritional information on the packaging. Aim: To determine sugar and brix content in domestic manufactured sugar-sweetened beverages, and compare information on the packaging and regulatory standards. Materials and Methods: The sugar and brix content in sugar-sweetened beverages was determined by laboratory anal ysis, including 150 domestically manufactured sugar-sweetened beverages. Laboratory analysis carried out in the Chemical toxicology laboratory of the National Reference Laboratory for Food Safety, MASM, determined sugar using a saccharometer and brix using refractometry. : Results: The study included 150 Mongolian sugar-sweetened beverages, including 20.7% (n=31) carbonated drinks, 47.3% (n=71) fruit drinks, 16.0% (n=24) tea drinks, 1.3% (n=2) energy drinks, 14.7% (n=22) flavored water. Sugar content 0.0–15.6% in sugar-sweetened beverages. The laboratory analysis results compared with information on the packaging 72.0% (n=108) difference between 0.1–11.3%, 10.7% (n=16) same, do not have sugar content in the nutritional information on the packaging 17.3% (n=26). Brix contained 0.2–13.0% carbonated drinks, 4.9–15.7% fruit drinks, 0.6–9.8% tea drinks, 7.7–16.0% energy drinks, and 0.1–9.7% flavored water. Conclusions 1. Sugar content 0.0–15.6%, brix 0.0–16.0% in Mongolian sugar-sweetened beverages. 2. The laboratory analysis results compared with nutritional information on the packaging 72.0% (n=108) difference between 0.1–11.3%, 10.7% (n=16) same nutritional information on the packaging, do not have sugar content in the nutritional information on the packaging 17.3% (n=26). 3. 37.3% of Mongolian sugar-sweetened beverages are unsatisfied with regulatory standards.

Background: Type 2 diabetes has increased risk of heart failure 2-4 times more than those in non-diabetic subjects. The early detection of asymptomatic ventricular dysfunction by using NT-pro BNP test in diabetic patients is the best strategy for decreasing morbidity and mortality of heart failure. Aim: The aims of this study were to detect asymptomatic cardiac ventricular dysfunction by using NT-pro BNP test in subjects with type 2 diabetes and to define the factors associated with elevated NT-proBNP. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was included diabetic and non diabetic subjects aged from 35- to 64 years, who had no clinical symptoms of heart failure. Cardiovascular risk factors were detected by clinical examinations. NT-pro BNP determination was performed on an immunoassay analyzer (FIA1100, Getein Bio Medical Inc, China), which uses reagent strip to obtain quantitative NT-pro BNP results in plasma. The cut-off point for NT-pro BNP was 300 pg/ml. Results: A total of 536 subjects without clinical symptoms of heart failure were included in the study of which, 150 were diabetic and 386 were non diabetic. The mean age was 52.8 ± 7.8 years and 281 (52.4%) were females. Cardiac ventricular dysfunction was detected in 7.3% of diabetic and 5.2% of non diabetic subjects. Cardiac ventricular dysfunction in diabetic subjects was increased with age and non-significantly higher in females than in males (8.3% vs 6.4%, p>0.05). In the logistic regression analysis, uncontrolled hypertension (OR 3.80, 95% CI 1.07–13.44), long duration of disease (OR 5.30, 95% CI 1.36-20.66), and ageing (OR 5.40, 95% CI 1.29–22.88) were significantly correlated cardiac ventricular dysfunction in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion Cardiac ventricular dysfunction in subjects with type 2 diabetes was detected 1.4 times more than those in non diabetic subjects. The likelihood of positive NT-pro BNP test in subjects with type 2 diabetes was independently (p<0.05) associated with advanced age, uncontrolled hypertension and long duration of diabetes.

Background: When the incidence of the chronic shoulder pain syndrome is increasing year by year, it is necessary to determine the effects of pain relief, recovery of joint disability, and impact on quality of life through clinical trial research when calculating the results of Turem treatment, which is one of the main methods of traditional medical treatment. Aim: To study the effects of traditional medicine chiropractic on pain relief, mobility improvement, joint function recovery, and quality of life in chronic shoulder pain syndrome. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using a single-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) design. In the study, 60 clients were randomly selected from people suffering from of the shoulder joint pain, and group 1 received Turem treatment together with physical therapy, and group 2 received physical therapy. The results of the study were evaluated by shoulder pain (VAS score), muscle strength, range of motion of the shoulder joint with a goniometer, and the Disability of Arms, Shoulders, and Paws Questionnaire (DASH). The research was conducted in accordance with the appropriate ethical approvals (No. 2024/3-05), (No. 2024-18) and confirmed by an informed consent form. Clinical trial research results were processed using T-test, Independent T-test, repeated ANOWA test. Results: The average age of the participants in the study was 56.13±7.13 years in the treatment group and 53.87±8.05 years in the control group, and 55% were male and 45% female. When shoulder joint pain was evaluated by VAS assessment, the values before and after treatment and after 1 month of treatment in the turem treatment group and the control group decreased statistically significantly (p=0.000). There was a statistical difference between the results of the 2 study groups. When assessing muscle strength, no statistically significant difference was observed between the results of the turem treatment and control groups. When measuring the amplitude of the shoulder joint in the subjects, the amplitude of shoulder extension, abduction, external rotation, and inward rotation increased after the treatment, and compared to the two groups, the index of the turem treatment group increased with statistical significance (p=0.000). When assessed by the Hand, Shoulder, and Hand Dysfunction Questionnaire (DASH), the score of the questionnaire decreased significantly (p=0.000) before, after, and after 1 month of treatment in the turem treatment group and the control group. Turem treatment has been shown to reduce the rate of shoulder disability and improve function in chronic shoulder pain syndrome. Conclusion: Turem treatment for chronic shoulder pain syndrome can reduce shoulder pain, increase joint range, and improve muscle strength. Also, turem treatment reduced the rate of shoulder disability and improved function. Conclusion Turem treatment for chronic shoulder pain syndrome can reduce shoulder pain, increase joint range, and improve muscle strength. Also, turem treatment reduced the rate of shoulder disability and improved function.

Background: Cervical cancer is a common disease among women. Treatment for cervical cancer includes surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Cisplatin is the first-line chemotherapy drug for cervical cancer. Research has shown that about 20% of cervical cancer patients become resistant to chemotherapy, which results in decreased results, tumor recurrence, and poor prognosis. Therefore, researching new drugs, improving the sensitivity of cervical cancer cells to cisplatin, and improving the effectiveness of cervical cancer treatment is the basis of this research. Aim: To investigate the inhibitory effect of curcumin on cisplatin-resistant cervical cancer Hela/DDP and SiHa/DDP cell lines. Materials and Methods: The study utilized cisplatin-resistant cervical squamous carcinoma (SiHa/DDP) and adenocarcinoma (Hela/DDP) cell lines. The cells in the experimental group were treated with 8.5 μM of curcumin, while the control group received only the culture medium. A colony formation assay was conducted to assess cell proliferation, with colonies stained using crystal violet; the number of colonies was then counted and compared between the two groups. Results : 1. In the Hela/DDP cell line, the control group formed an average of 507.7±15.70 colonies, whereas the experimental group, treated with curcumin, formed 112.3±16.17 colonies. The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p < 0.0001). 2. In the SiHa/DDP cell line, the control group had an average of 450.3±17.95 colonies, while the experimental group treated with curcumin had 198.3±13.05 colonies. This difference was also statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Conclusions 1. Curcumin significantly reduces the proliferation of cisplatin-resistant cervical squamous cell carcinoma (Hela/DDP) cells. 2. Curcumin significantly reduces the proliferation of cisplatin-resistant cervical adenocarcinoma (SiHa/DDP) cells.

Background: Reference values for a complete blood count (CBC) can vary due to multiple factors, including geographical location, environmental influences, nutrition, genetic characteristics, lifestyle, and the physical-chemical properties of the blood. Mongolia’s high-altitude geography (an average of 1,580 meters above sea level) reduces oxygen supply and activates hematopoiesis through the body’s physiological adaptation mechanisms. As a result, the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit levels tend to increase, as studied by researchers Ch. Sharav and A. Ulziikhutag. Considering the unique geographical regions of Mongolia (urban, rural, steppe, desert, and high mountain areas), studying the physiological blood parameters of the population and identifying regional differences are crucial for improving diagnostic accuracy and the reliability of clinical assessments, which form the basis for conducting this study. Aim: Select a healthy group from the population that participated in the ‘National Preventive Screening and Early Diagnosis Program’ for preventing and early detecting infectious and non-infectious diseases based on age, gender, and health risks. Establish reference values for comprehensive blood test indicators by geographical location. Materials and Methods: In Mongolia, from 2022 to May 2023, a comprehensive blood analysis was conducted on 7,301 individuals aged 18 and above who participated in the ‘National Preventive Screening and Early Diagnosis Program’ aimed at preventing and early detecting infectious and non-infectious diseases based on age, gender, and health risks. The analysis included red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), white blood cell count (WBC), and platelet count (PLT) in relation to their geographical location. The study results were calculated using IBM SPSS (20) software. Statistical significance was considered at p<0.05. Results: In our study, 7,301 people aged 18-87 participated, of whom 36.4% (2,644) were male and 63.6% (4,657) were female. The average age was 30.2±0.2 years for men and 35.1±0.1 years for women. Among them, there were 1,764 males and 1,774 females aged 18-30, 603 males and 2,069 females aged 31-45, 199 males and 670 females aged 46-60, and 78 males and 144 females over 61 years old. A total of 26.6% (1,944) of the study participants were from Ulaanbaatar, 12.75% (931) from the western region, 10.12% (739) from the eastern region, 33.18% (2,423) from the Khangai region, and 17.31% (1,264) from the central region. In the Ulaanbaatar region, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, and WBC increased with age, while PLT showed a tendency to decrease. Differences in HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBC, and PLT indicators were observed between the western, eastern, Khangai, and central regions depending on the area (p<0.05). Conclusion Statistically significant differences in blood parameters were observed across different regions of Mongolia, indicating the necessity of establishing reference values for blood tests that reflect the influences of geographical location, lifestyle, and environmental factors (p<0.05).

Background: A Complete Blood Count (CBC) is essential for early disease detection, diagnosis, treatment, monitoring therapeutic progress, and evaluating a patient’s overall health status. Therefore, establishing reference values for blood tests tailored to the demographic characteristics of a specific population plays a crucial role in improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment outcomes. In our country, there is a lack of studies determining reference values for blood test parameters based on age, gender, body weight, and quality of life, which serves as the basis for conducting this research. Aim: To select a healthy population from those participating in the ‘preventive screening, early detection, and diagnosis of infectious and non-communicable diseases based on age, sex, and health risk factors,’ and to establish the reference range for red blood cells and their additional parameters in relation to body mass index, gender, and age groups. Materials and Methods: A total of 7,301 individuals aged 18 and above who participated in the ‘preventive screening, early detection, and diagnosis of infectious and non-communicable diseases based on age, sex, and health risk factors’ conducted from 2022 to May 2023 in Mongolia were included in the study. The study involved complete blood count (CBC) analysis, including red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The data were analyzed in relation to age and sex. The statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS (version 20), and results with P<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Our study included 7,301 individuals aged 18 to 87, of whom 36.3% (2,644) were male and 63.7% (4,657) were female. The average age was 30.23±0.22 years for males and 35.11±0.15 years for females. Specifically, there were 1,764 males and 1,774 females in the 18-30 age group, 603 males and 2,069 females in the 31-45 age group, 199 males and 670 females in the 46-60 age group, and 78 males and 144 females in the >61 age group. In the 18-30 age group, RBC, HGB, MCV, MCHC, and HCT levels showed statistically significant differences between males and females. In the 31-45 age group, RBC, HGB, MCH, MCHC, and HCT levels also showed statistically significant differences. In the 46-60 age group, RBC, HGB, and HCT showed statistically significant differences, while in the >61 age group, only RBC levels showed statistically significant differences between males and females. When analyzing red blood cells and their associated parameters in relation to BMI, no statistically significant differences were observed between the groups (p>0.05). Conclusion By including the general population in early screening programs, it has become possible to establish reference values for red blood cells and their additional parameters specific to the Mongolian people. Future studies should focus on examining these parameters in relation to geographical location, genetic characteristics, and environmental influences.

Background: Rhododendron adamsii (Sagaan Dalya) is a medical plant widely distributed in the Altai region, Mongolia, and Russia. It is traditionally used for its calming, restorative, and immune-boosting properties. Inflammation is a complex immune response against pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi, involving macrophages, fibroblasts, mast cells, and neutrophils. These cells release inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, and IL-1β. In collaboration with the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, a project was initiated to investigate the bioactive fractions of Rh. rosea (L.) and Rh. adamsii and their effects on the production of TLR4 signaling end products and associated protein activation. Previous studies within this project have shown that certain bioactive fractions exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. Specifically, fraction 7.11 suppressed NO production and inflammatory signaling molecules in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, while fractions 7.46 and 7.52 influenced the phosphorylation of proteins such as ERK1/2, JNK, and IRF3. These findings suggest the need for further investigation into the effects of Rh. adamsii bioactive fractions on inflammatory signaling pathways. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the effects of bioactive fractions derived from Rhododendron adamsii on the production of TLR4 signaling end products in RAW264.7 macrophage cell cultures. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted using RAW264.7 macrophage cell cultures and bioactive fractions extracted from Rh. adamsii, dividing the experiments into three groups. After stabilization, RAW264.7 cells were stimulated with 100 ng/mL LPS. Based on previous studies, non-toxic concentrations of bioactive fractions (10 µg/mL) were applied. NO production was measured using the Griess assay, while TNF-α and IFN-β cytokine levels were evaluated using ELISA. Each experiment were repeated three times, and data were statistically analyzed using SPSS 25.0, applying One-way ANOVA and Independent Samples T-test. Results: The NO production in the positive control group was significantly higher compared to the negative control. In contrast, the experimental groups showed a statistically significant reduction in NO production, suggesting a potential inhibitory effect on TLR4 signaling in macrophages. However, fraction 7.48 reduced TNF-α levels while increasing IFN-β production, but these changes were not statistically significant. Similarly, fraction 7.55 slightly reduced TNF-α and IFN-β levels, but the effect was also statistically unsignificant. Conclusion The bioactive fractions 7.48 and 7.55 of Rh. Adamsii reduced nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated macrophage cell line cultures, suggesting that they may inhibit TLR4 signaling. However, their lack of effect on TNF-α and IFN-β production indicates that they do not influence TLR4 signaling mediated by these cytokines. Instead, they may affect the final product output through other pathways or different stages of signal transduction.

Background: As of 2019, according to the Health Indicators of the Mongolian population, diseases of the digestive system ranked second in terms of morbidity, with gallbladder, biliary tract, and pancreatic diseases accounting for 14.2%, and the proportion of surgeries related to these diseases is high. Aim: Explore the ingredients and recipes of traditional medicine used for gallbladder disease. Materials and Methods: “The four foundations of medicine-Анагаах ухааны дөрвөн үндэс” and their interpretations, and source works were selected, and hermeneutic methodology, comparative method of source studies, historical classification method, and analysis-synthesis method were used. Results: A total of 43 recipes for treating gallstone disease were selected from the source texts. In terms of the method of treatment, all of them were written as hot and cold. The medicine for gallstone heat disease was directly written in “Manag Renchinjunai-Mанаг рэнчинжунай”. The two recipes were explained as new and old in the “Four springs-Рашааны дусал”. Although the contents written in other source books are the same as “The four foundations of medicine-Анагаах ухааны дөрвөн үндэс”, the “The four foundations of medicine-Анагаах ухааны дөрвөн үндэс” are very clearly explained as medicines to be taken, decoctions, and medicines to be given when the effects of heat are delayed. There is no difference in the following books and sutras regarding treatment, food and drink, and events. The method of adding mantras to the national method of Uvdis is not written in other sutras. The medicine for gallstone cold disease was directly written in “Manag Renchinjunai-Mанаг рэнчинжунай”. The amount of medicine in the “Four springs-Рашааны дусал” was carefully calculated. “The four foundations of medicine-Анагаах ухааны дөрвөн үндэс”are astringent, emetic, laxative, stopping the tail of the tail, and cutting off the tail of the disease and replacing it. The method of treating the disease is a method of adding charms to the root, and the “Four springs-Рашааны дусал” are also explained. The food and drink and the event are not written in the Mанаг рэнчинжунай, and there is no difference in other books and scriptures. Conclusion While many recipes for treating gallbladder diseases have been discovered in traditional treatises, the number of recipes and medicines for treating gallbladder heat diseases is greater than the number of medicines for treating gallbladder cold diseases.

Background: Globally, an estimated 13% of adolescents aged 10–19 are affected by mental disorders. As of 2020, the number of children under the age of 19 in Mongolia was reported to be 1,289,587, reflecting a 0.9% increase compared to 2015. A 2013 study on adolescents found that 60.5% were categorized as mentally healthy, 30.5% exhibited emotional and behavioral difficulties, and 9% were diagnosed with a mental disorder. A study conducted in Govi-Altai Province between 2018 and 2019 reported that 58.6% of adolescents were classified as healthy, 36.1% experienced psychological difficulties, and 5.2% were diagnosed with a mental disorder. Internationally, adolescent mental health has been widely assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), with an increasing number of studies employing artificial intelligence-based predictive models. However, in Mongolia, research utilizing artificial intelligence and machine learning for analyzing large-scale mental health data remains limited. This gap underscores the need for the present study. Aim: Machine learning models were compared to determine adolescent emotional and behavioral problems using the SDQ. Materials and Methods: Data was collected from teenagers, teachers, and parents in Govi-Altai Province, and the databases were created for each group. The teenager database was divided into 10 folds by cross-validation, and the models were developed using machine learning methods and evaluated using their performance measures. The results were mainly analyzed using the Bayes model. Results: The teenagers have emotional and behavioral problems due to emotional and peer interactions, but they are at risk of developing disorders due to hyperactivity and behavioral changes. Conclusion Comparing the model performance results with previous studies, Bayesian model accuracy decreased by 0.03, sensitivity decreased by 0.08, and specificity increased by 0.01. Also, the difference between the performance evaluation metrics of the C50 and Bayesian models is very small, between 0.01 and 0.02. This shows that the performance of the Bayesian method is good when the number of attributes in the database increases. Compared to the results of the knowledge generated by the research, the participants are more likely to develop emotional and behavioral disorders due to their peer relationship indicators, such as other children generally not liking them, getting on better with adults, and due to emotional symptoms such as being unhappy and depressed.

Background: Accreditation of healthcare institutions serves as a fundamental mechanism for ensuring patient safety and validating the quality of medical services provided to the population. At Intermed Hospital, a quality measurement system for healthcare services has been established since 2015, encompassing 126 quality indicators at both institutional and departmental levels. This system facilitates continuous quality improvement efforts. In this context, quality indicators specific to the endoscopy department play a pivotal role in objectively assessing the quality of endoscopic services. Aim: To assess the quality indicators in gastrointestinal endoscopy unit. Materials and Methods: A retrospective single-center study was conducted by collecting data from the Intermed hospital’s electronic information systems which included HIS and PACS and Quality and Safety Department’s Database and the results were processed using the SPSS software. Ethical approval was granted by the Intermed hospital’s Scientific research committee. The quality of endoscopic services in the Intermed hospital was assessed based on: a) the average values of four quality indicators measured monthly; b) sample survey data from five categories of quality indicators. Results : Between 2016 and 2024, the quality indicators of the endoscopy unit measured as the level of early warning score evaluations for patients was 95.97%±3.33, the level of cases where peripheral blood oxygen saturation decreased during sedation was 1.54%±3.78, the level of cases where patients experienced paradoxiical response during sedation was 5.82%±1.75, surveillance culturing level for validation of endoscopy reprocessing was 11.6%. The endoscopic documentation quality by peer review showed 95.7-100%, the colonoscopy quality indicators were followings as adenoma detection rate: 24.5% Cecal intubation rate: 99.1%, 95.2%, Colonoscope withdrawal average time: 13.28±10.62 minutes, Bowel preparation quality (Boston Scale): 89.3% 95.7%), patient discharge from the recovery room, Average discharge time post-procedure: With propofol alone: 30.92 minutes; With propofol and fentanyl combined: 31.52 minutes, The intermediate risk was 0.28% by the TROOPS evaluation during procedural sedation. Conclusion The quality benchmark levels for these endoscopic units, as determined by a single-center study, can be effectively implemented by benchmark endoscopy centers to enhance their quality and safety operations.