Arterial pH reflects both metabolic and respiratory distress in cardiac arrest and has prognostic implications. However, it was excluded from the 2024 update of the Utstein out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) registry template. We investigated the rationale for including arterial pH into models predicting clinical outcomes. Methods: Data were sourced from the Korean Cardiac Arrest Research Consortium, a nationwide OHCA registry (NCT03222999). Prediction models were constructed using logistic regression, random forest, and eXtreme Gradient Boosting frameworks. Each framework included three model types: pH, low-flow time, and combined models. Then the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of each predicting model was compared. The primary outcome was 30- day death or neurologically unfavorable status (cerebral performance category ≥3). Results: Among the 15,765 patients analyzed, 92.2% experienced death or unfavorable neurological outcomes. The predicting performance of the models including pH (AUROC, 0.92–0.94) were comparable to the models including low-flow time in all frameworks (0.93–0.94) (all P>0.05). Inclusion of pH into low-flow time models consistently showed higher AUROCs than individual models in all frameworks (AUROC, 0.93–0.95; all P<0.05). Conclusions: The predicting performance of models including arterial pH was comparable to models including low-flow time, and addition of arterial pH into low-flow time models could increase the performance of the models. Key Words: blood pH; hydrogen-ion con

Background: Residents and nurses who activate rapid response teams (RRTs) are well positioned to offer insights on its effectiveness. Here, we assess such evaluation of RRTs and identify barriers to activation in a 1,400-bed teaching hospital. Methods: We conducted a 24-item Likert-scale survey from January to May 2017 among residents and ward nurses with RRT experience. Factor analysis was used to identify the barriers. Results: This study comprised 305 nurses and 53 residents, most of whom were satisfied with their RRT experiences. Factor analysis showed that lack of awareness of activation criteria was a major barrier, with only 21.4% and 22.2% participants, respectively, confident about their knowledge of activation protocols. Of the survey respondents, 85.7% reported first contacting the doctor before activating the RRT. Despite the protocol, 66.7% first discussed the decision with other staff, and 71.5% called the RRT when the patient’s condition worsened despite management. Conclusions Nurses and residents value RRTs but face barriers in initiation, primarily due to a lack of confidence in applying the activation criteria. Many prefer to consult a doctor or manage the patient before calling the RRT.

Background: Primary cutaneous CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders (pcCD30-LPDs) are a diseases with various clinical and prognostic characteristics. Objective: Increasing our knowledge of the clinical characteristics of pcCD30-LPDs and identifying potential prognostic variables in an Asian population. Methods: Clinicopathological features and survival data of pcCD30-LPD cases obtained from 22 hospitals in South Korea were examined. Results: A total of 413 cases of pcCD30-LPDs (lymphomatoid papulosis [LYP], n=237; primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma [C-ALCL], n=176) were included. Ninety percent of LYP patients and roughly 50% of C-ALCL patients presented with multiple skin lesions. Both LYP and C-ALCL affected the lower limbs most frequently. Multiplicity and advanced T stage of LYP lesions were associated with a chronic course longer than 6 months. Clinical morphology with patch lesions and elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase were significantly associated with LPDs during follow-up in LYP patients. Extracutaneous involvement of C-ALCL occurred in 13.2% of patients. Lesions larger than 5 cm and increased serum lactate dehydrogenase were associated with a poor prognosis in C-ALCL. The survival of patients with C-ALCL was unaffected by the anatomical locations of skin lesions or other pathological factors. Conclusion The multiplicity or size of skin lesions was associated with a chronic course of LYP and survival among patients with C-ALCL.

Background: In 2006, the Korean Atopic Dermatitis Association (KADA) working group released the diagnostic criteria for Korean atopic dermatitis (AD). Recently, more simplified, and practical AD diagnostic criteria have been proposed. Objective: Based on updated criteria and experience, we studied to develop and share a consensus on diagnostic criteria for AD in Koreans. Materials and Methods: For the diagnostic criteria, a questionnaire was constructed by searching the English-language literature in MEDLINE and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. A modified Delphi method composed of 3 rounds of email questionnaires was adopted for the consensus process. Fifty-four KADA council members participated in the 3 rounds of votes and expert consensus recommendations were established. Results: Diagnostic criteria for AD include pruritus, eczema with age-specific pattern, and chronic or relapsing history. Diagnostic aids for AD encompass xerosis, immunoglobulin E reactivity, hand–foot eczema, periorbital changes, periauricular changes, perioral changes, nipple eczema, perifollicular accentuation, and personal or family history of atopy. Conclusion This study streamlined and updated the diagnostic criteria for AD in Korea, making them more practicable for use in real-world clinical field.

Background: Chromosomal alterations serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers in acute leukemia. Given the evolving landscape of chromosomal abnormalities in acute leukemia, we previously studied these over two periods. In this study, we investigated the frequency of these abnormalities and clinical trends in acute leukemia in Korea across three time periods. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from 1,787 patients with acute leukemia (319 children and 1,468 adults) diagnosed between 2006 and 2020. Conventional cytogenetics, FISH, and multiplex quantitative PCR were used for analysis. The patient groups were divided according to the following three study periods: 2006–2009 (I), 2010–2015 (II), and 2016–2020 (III). Results: Chromosomal aberrations were detected in 92% of patients. The PML::RARA translocation was the most frequent. Over the 15-yr period, chromosomal aberrations showed minimal changes, with specific fusion transcripts being common among patients.ALL was more prevalent in children than in adults and correlated significantly with the ETV6::RUNX1 and RUNX1::RUNX1T1 aberrations. The incidence of ALL increased during the three periods, with PML::RARA remaining common. Conclusions The frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in acute leukemia has changed subtly over time. Notably, the age of onset of adult AML has continuously increased. Our results may help in establishing diagnoses and clinical treatment strategies and developing various molecular diagnostic platforms.

Background: Various molecular methods are used to rapidly detect gastrointestinal pathogens, highlighting the importance of understanding the performance of the associated kits in detail. We comprehensively assessed the performance of Kogene PowerChek multiplex real-time PCR kits (PowerChek Bacterial/Viral Kits) with the FilmArray GI Panel. Methods: Residual stool specimens (N = 246), initially tested utilizing the FilmArray GI Panel (May 2023–Jan 2024), were reanalyzed using PowerChek Bacterial/Viral Kits. Discrepancies were resolved by performing additional molecular assays and reviewing culture results when available. True positives (TPs)/true negatives were defined by concordant results in at least two assays. We determined cycle threshold (Ct)/crossing point (Cp) distributions between the TP and false positive (FP) groups and analyzed melting curves for the FilmArray GI Panel FPs. Results: The positive-percent agreement (PPA) of the PowerChek Bacterial/Viral Kits was 50–100%, with lower values for Salmonella spp., rotavirus, and astrovirus, whereas the FilmArray GI Panel showed 100% PPA across all targets. Both platforms demonstrated > 99% negative-percent agreement, except for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and adenovirus (PowerChek Bacterial/Viral Kits) or EPEC, enteroaggregative E. coli, norovirus, and Salmonella spp. (FilmArray GI Panel). The FPs showed higher Ct/Cp values with both kits, and these values were significantly higher for adenovirus (PowerChek Viral Kit), EPEC, and norovirus (FilmArray GI Panel). Melting curve analysis of four norovirus FPs (FilmArray GI Panel) revealed atypical patterns in three cases. Conclusions The FilmArray GI Panel demonstrated higher sensitivity than the PowerChek Kits. For norovirus, melting curve analysis will help avoid FPs.

Background: Hip fractures (HFs) are major osteoporotic injuries associated with morbidity, loss of independence, increased mortality, and an increased socioeconomic burden.The total number of HFs is increasing owing to an aging population. While studies have focused on 30-day or 1-year mortality after HF surgery, studies reporting long-term mortality are lacking. Our study bridges this knowledge gap by exploring the relationship between frailty, postoperative complications, and the 5-year mortality after HF surgery.This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with 5-year mortality after HF surgery. The impact of the Hip-Multidimensional Frailty Score (Hip-MFS) and postoperative complications on 5-year mortality was compared. Methods: This retrospective study included 536 individuals aged 65 years and older with HFs who underwent surgery between 2009 and 2014. The Hip-MFS was calculated using the comprehensive geriatric assessment. Patients whose Hip-MFS score above 8 considered as frail. Postoperative complications included pneumonia, urinary tract infection, delirium, pulmonary thromboembolism, and unplanned intensive care unit admission after surgery.The primary outcome was 5-year mortality. Univariate and multivariate cox-regression, Kaplan–Meier analysis and log-rank tests were used to assess predictive value of frailty and postoperative complications on 5-year mortality. Results: The mean age was 80.5 ± 7.0 years and 71.3% (n = 382) were women. Overall, 48.3% (n = 259) were diagnosed with femoral neck fractures, and 51.7% (n = 277) were diagnosed with intertrochanteric fractures. A total of 223 (41.6%) patients experienced postoperative complications. The overall mortality rate was 60.4% (n = 324), with 1-year and 5-year mortality rates after HF surgery being 13.8% (n = 74) and 43.8% (n = 235), respectively. In the multivariate regression analysis, after adjusting for clinical and demographic factors, the high-risk Hip-MFS group and the group with postoperative complications had hazard ratios for 5-year survival of 1.513 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.105–2.017; P = 0.010) and 1.470 (95% CI, 1.117–1.936;P = 0.006), respectively. Patients who had postoperative complications with a low Hip-MFS showed better 5-year survival than those without postoperative complications with a high Hip-MFS in the Kaplan–Meier curve (P = 0.013). Conclusion A high Hip-MFS risk and postoperative complications were associated with an increased 5-year mortality rate. In comparison to the occurrence of postoperative complications, the frailty status evaluated using the Hip-MFS had a more significant impact on long-term mortality after HF surgery.

Background: We evaluated severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific humoral and cellular responses for up to 6 months after the 3rd dose of ancestral coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in people living with HIV (PLWH) and healthy controls (HCs) who were not infected with COVID-19. Methods: Anti-spike receptor-binding domain IgG (anti-RBD IgG) concentrations using chemiluminescence immunoassay and neutralizing antibodies using focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) were assessed at 1 week after each dose of vaccination, and 3 and 6 months after the 3rd dose in 62 PLWH and 25 HCs. T-cell responses using intracellular cytokine stain were evaluated at 1 week before, and 1 week and 6 months after the 3rd dose. Results: At 1 week after the 3rd dose, adequate anti-RBD IgG (> 300 binding antibody unit /mL) was elicited in all PLWH except for one patient with 36 CD4 T-cell count/mm3 . The geometric mean titers of 50% FRNT against wild type (WT) and omicron BA.5 strains of SARS-CoV-2 in PLWH with CD4 T-cell count ≥ 500 cells/mm3(high CD4 recovery, HCDR) were comparable to HC, but they were significantly decreased in PLWH with CD4 T-cell count < 500/mm3 (low CD4 recovery, LCDR). After adjusting for age, gender, viral suppression, and number of preexisting comorbidities, CD4 T-cell counts < 500/mm3 significantly predicted a poor magnitude of neutralizing antibodies against WT, omicron BA.5, and XBB 1.5 strains among PLWH. Multivariable linear regression adjusting for age and gender revealed that LCDR was associated with reduced neutralizing activity (P = 0.017) and interferon-γ-producing T-cell responses (P = 0.049 for CD T-cell; P = 0.014 for CD8 T-cell) against WT, and strongly associated with more decreased cross-neutralization against omicron BA.5 strains (P < 0.001). Conclusion HCDR demonstrated robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses after a booster dose of ancestral SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, whereas LCDR showed diminished immune responses against WT virus and more impaired cross-neutralization against omicron BA.5 strain.

Background: Hip fractures (HFs) are major osteoporotic injuries associated with morbidity, loss of independence, increased mortality, and an increased socioeconomic burden.The total number of HFs is increasing owing to an aging population. While studies have focused on 30-day or 1-year mortality after HF surgery, studies reporting long-term mortality are lacking. Our study bridges this knowledge gap by exploring the relationship between frailty, postoperative complications, and the 5-year mortality after HF surgery.This study aimed to identify the risk factors associated with 5-year mortality after HF surgery. The impact of the Hip-Multidimensional Frailty Score (Hip-MFS) and postoperative complications on 5-year mortality was compared. Methods: This retrospective study included 536 individuals aged 65 years and older with HFs who underwent surgery between 2009 and 2014. The Hip-MFS was calculated using the comprehensive geriatric assessment. Patients whose Hip-MFS score above 8 considered as frail. Postoperative complications included pneumonia, urinary tract infection, delirium, pulmonary thromboembolism, and unplanned intensive care unit admission after surgery.The primary outcome was 5-year mortality. Univariate and multivariate cox-regression, Kaplan–Meier analysis and log-rank tests were used to assess predictive value of frailty and postoperative complications on 5-year mortality. Results: The mean age was 80.5 ± 7.0 years and 71.3% (n = 382) were women. Overall, 48.3% (n = 259) were diagnosed with femoral neck fractures, and 51.7% (n = 277) were diagnosed with intertrochanteric fractures. A total of 223 (41.6%) patients experienced postoperative complications. The overall mortality rate was 60.4% (n = 324), with 1-year and 5-year mortality rates after HF surgery being 13.8% (n = 74) and 43.8% (n = 235), respectively. In the multivariate regression analysis, after adjusting for clinical and demographic factors, the high-risk Hip-MFS group and the group with postoperative complications had hazard ratios for 5-year survival of 1.513 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.105–2.017; P = 0.010) and 1.470 (95% CI, 1.117–1.936;P = 0.006), respectively. Patients who had postoperative complications with a low Hip-MFS showed better 5-year survival than those without postoperative complications with a high Hip-MFS in the Kaplan–Meier curve (P = 0.013). Conclusion A high Hip-MFS risk and postoperative complications were associated with an increased 5-year mortality rate. In comparison to the occurrence of postoperative complications, the frailty status evaluated using the Hip-MFS had a more significant impact on long-term mortality after HF surgery.

Background: We evaluated severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific humoral and cellular responses for up to 6 months after the 3rd dose of ancestral coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in people living with HIV (PLWH) and healthy controls (HCs) who were not infected with COVID-19. Methods: Anti-spike receptor-binding domain IgG (anti-RBD IgG) concentrations using chemiluminescence immunoassay and neutralizing antibodies using focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT) were assessed at 1 week after each dose of vaccination, and 3 and 6 months after the 3rd dose in 62 PLWH and 25 HCs. T-cell responses using intracellular cytokine stain were evaluated at 1 week before, and 1 week and 6 months after the 3rd dose. Results: At 1 week after the 3rd dose, adequate anti-RBD IgG (> 300 binding antibody unit /mL) was elicited in all PLWH except for one patient with 36 CD4 T-cell count/mm3 . The geometric mean titers of 50% FRNT against wild type (WT) and omicron BA.5 strains of SARS-CoV-2 in PLWH with CD4 T-cell count ≥ 500 cells/mm3(high CD4 recovery, HCDR) were comparable to HC, but they were significantly decreased in PLWH with CD4 T-cell count < 500/mm3 (low CD4 recovery, LCDR). After adjusting for age, gender, viral suppression, and number of preexisting comorbidities, CD4 T-cell counts < 500/mm3 significantly predicted a poor magnitude of neutralizing antibodies against WT, omicron BA.5, and XBB 1.5 strains among PLWH. Multivariable linear regression adjusting for age and gender revealed that LCDR was associated with reduced neutralizing activity (P = 0.017) and interferon-γ-producing T-cell responses (P = 0.049 for CD T-cell; P = 0.014 for CD8 T-cell) against WT, and strongly associated with more decreased cross-neutralization against omicron BA.5 strains (P < 0.001). Conclusion HCDR demonstrated robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses after a booster dose of ancestral SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, whereas LCDR showed diminished immune responses against WT virus and more impaired cross-neutralization against omicron BA.5 strain.