Recent studies demonstrate that autistic spectrum disprders children have deficits in executive functiony, particularly the function referred response inhibition. The antisaccade task provides a new tool for direct evaluation of inhibitory function and a new way to explore the character of response inhibition in children with cognitive impairment. Researchers have used the technologies of eye movement to reveal the ability of oculomotor inhibition in children with autistic spectrum disprders, which is poorer than that of normal children.

Inflammation reaction and immune response are in-separable in the levels of system, tissue, cell and molecule. In-flammatory immune responses ( IIR) is proposed in this paper, which is defined a moderate or abnormal system responses of in-flammatory immune related cells in responding to the internal and external environment changes of body. It is described briefly that the research progresses of inflammatory immune cells ( e. g. , macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells and B cells, etc. ) and non-inflammatory immune cells ( e. g. , glial cells, endothe-lial cells, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, synovial cells and liver cells, etc. ) , and cytokines/receptor signal transduction in-volved in IIR. Moreover, the existing problems about regulating IIR drugs clinically are summarized. It is firstly put forward that soft regulation of inflammatory immune responses ( SRIIR) is a new direction of discovery and development of new drugs for the treatment of IIR related diseases.

The state of scale management,structure of hierarchy,professional institutions,educational system and degree,situation of academy and cost of medical education in developed countries was summarized in this article respectively to provide reference for our medical education reform.

Objective To compare the spray characteristics of domestic and foreign nasal spray delivery devices for live attenuated influenza vaccine(LAIV). Methods The particle size distribution(DV10,DV50 and DV90),the proportion of droplets smaller than 10 μm and Span of atomized particles of two brands of nasal spray delivery devices at home and abroad were measured by laser diffraction method,the spray pattern[maximum diameter(D_(max)),shortest diameter(D_(min))and ovality(D_(max)/D_(min))]and spray geometry(spray angle and width)were detected by Spray view,and the comparative analysis was performed. Results There was no significant difference in DV10,DV50,DV90 particle size distribution,proportion of droplets smaller than 10 μm and Span of atomized particles between the two kinds of domestic and foreign nasal spray delivery devices[F-values of Levene's test for equality of variances were 0. 622,0. 135,3. 067,0. 212 and 0. 058,P-values were0. 434,0. 714,0. 085,0. 647 and 0. 810,and significance(two-tailed)values of equal variances assumed were 0. 439,0. 228,0. 281,0. 539 and 0. 910,respectively];D_(max),D_(min)and ovality of the spray patterns showed no significant difference[F-values of Levene's test for equality of variances were 2. 102,2. 666 and 0. 514,P-values were 0. 158,0. 114 and0. 479,and significance(two-tailed)values of equal variances assumed were 0. 651,0. 407,and 0. 160,respectively];The geometric mean ratios of spray angle and width were 0. 92 and 0. 91,respectively,which ranged from 0. 90 to 1. 11.Conclusion Both the domestic and foreign nasal spray delivery devices meet the delivery requirement of the nasal spray LAIV,which can be used for the delivery of nasal spray vaccines and drugs.

The deposition of amyloid β-protein (Aβ is the key pathological basis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The current studies emphasis that the stability of internal environment between cells of the neurovascular unit is the key to maintain normal brain function. This article reviews the relationship between the Aβand the neurovascular unit injury, and we expect to provide some new ideas for the clinical prevention and treatment of CAA and AD.

Objective To investigate the use of anti-infective drugs in outpatients of our hospital, and to pro-mote rational administration in clinic. Methods Collecting the prescriptions of out-patient during June 2007 in our pharmscy,then statistically analyze the anti-infective drugs information in combination with adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports. Results The percentage of prescriptions was 45. 8%, the average amount of the prescriptions was 62. 56 yuan,the cost of anti-infective drugs accounted for 41.8% ,prescriptions of combined use and injection were 39.5% and 37.2% ,the ratio of ADR was 80. 6% ,irrational administration accounted for 10. 8%. Conclusion The use of anti-infective drugs in our prescriptions of out-patients has some problems, but rational use is the main trend in our hospital.

Dignity is the idea that a being has the innate right to be valued, respected, and treated ethically. It reflects the value of life.Dignity therapymainly discusses thedignity during the period of death and dying.It involves symptom control, body integrity, au-tonomy, privacy boundaries, respect, and proper handling of personal affairs and death in peace. Dignity therapy is a unique, individu-alized, and brief psychotherapy that was developed for the purpose of relieving distress, enhancing end-of-life experience, reducing psychological and mental burden, and improving the quality of life for dying patients.

As a member of GTPase Rab family,Rab10 protein is not only involved in vesicle formation,transport,anchoring and fusion process,but also affects the occurrence and development of tumors.Research about the mechanisms of Rab10 in intracellular vesicle transport and tumor may provide a potential target and new idea for the anti-cancer therapy.

Objective To evaluate the role of PI3K-Akt-HIF-1α signaling pathway in dexmedetomidine-induced reduction of damage to the unventilated lung during one-lung ventilation (OLV) in rats.Methods Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 250-350 g,were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10 each) using a random number table:two-lung ventilation TLV) group,OLV + normal saline group (group OLV),OLV + dexmedetomidine group (group D),and OLV + dexmedetomidine +LY294002 group (group DL).Bilateral lungs were ventilated for 2.5 h in group TLV,and the right lung was ventilated for 2 h followed by 0.5 h TLV in the other groups.The rats were sacrificed,the left lung was removed for determination of wet to dry lung weight ratio (W/D ratio),and expression of phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) (by Western blot).Results Compared with group TLV,W/D ratio was significantly increased,the expression of p-Akt was down-regulated,and the expression of HIF-1α was up-regulated in the other three groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group OLV,W/D ratio was significantly decreased,and the expression of p-Akt and HIF-lα was up-regulated in D and DL groups (P＜0.05).Compared with group DL,W/D ratio was significantly decreased,and the expression of p-Akt and HIF-1α was up-regulated in group D (P＜0.05).Conclusion PI3K-Akt-HIF-1α signaling pathway is involved in dexmedetomidine-induced reduction of damage to the unventilated lung during OLV in rats.

Objective To investigate the effect of renal anemia variability on the progression of renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease and hemoglobin variability on the incidence of cardiovascularevents,mortality and re-hospitalization rate.Methods one hundred and twenty-three patients with chronickidney disease with stage Ⅲ-Ⅴ were enrolled in this study.The information of hemoglobin variability,creatinineclearance rate (Ccr),renal function,the incidence of cardiovascular events,mortality and rehospitalization rate,the incidence of cardiovascular events,mortality and rehospitalization rate were recorded and analyzed.ResultsThe change of hemoglobin level was (20.6 ± 10.7) g/L and Ccr change level was (16.3 ± 4.1) ml/min inpatients,and the pearson correlation coefficient was 0.82.Multiple covariance analysis showed that Ccr increaselevel was higher in CKD Ⅲ-Ⅴ period patients with hemoglobin fluctuations than that of hemoglobin stabilitypatients after adjusting smoking history,blood pressure,24 h urinary protein quantitative factors (F =7.6,9.1,4.3;P＜0.05).The incidence of cardiovascular events in patients,mortality,rehospitalization rate of hemoglobinwave group were higher than those of hemoglobin stabilizing group(x2 =26.9,5.1,10.6,P＜0.05 or P＜0.01).Conclusion The fluctuation of hemoglobin is able to aggravate quickly of renal function development,increasethe incidence,mortality and rehospitalization rate of cardiovascular events.