OBJECTIVES: The short-term effects of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the patients with catastrophic and intractable tinnitus were investigated. METHODS: Fifteen participants were recruited among patients with catastrophic intractable tinnitus to receive 1 Hz rTMS treatment. Tinnitus severity was assessed before rTMS and directly after sham or real rTMS using the tinnitus handicap inventory (THI) and visual analog scale (VAS). RESULTS: There was no statistical difference in the THI score before and after sham stimulation. However, after 5 replications of real rTMS there was statistically significant reduction in THI score. Eight patients showed a decrease of more than 10 in THI score. Patients who showed a vast change in THI score after rTMS also showed a large decrease in their VAS score (r=0.879, P<0.001). Duration of tinnitus and change of THI score showed statistically significant moderate negative correlation (r=-0.637, P=0.011). But in case of VAS, there was no significant difference between VAS and duration of tinnitus. CONCLUSION: Among total 15 patients with catastrophic intractable chronic tinnitus, eight patients showed some improvement in symptoms after 1 Hz rTMS. rTMS can be considered management modality for intractable tinnitus even with distress as severe as catastrophic stage.
Humans ; Salicylamides ; Tinnitus ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is generally performed over the course of several weeks, as its theoretical and experimental validity has been identified in repetitive procedures. If short term application of rTMS is proven to be significantly effective, more effective treatment of tinnitus can be expected. This study was conducted to measure the effect of one session of sham rTMS & one real trial of rTMS in chronic unilateral tinnitus patients. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: rTMS stimulation of 1 Hz and 100% magnitude was given 1200 times per day to 33 patients with chronic unilateral tinnitus on their left side, between T3 and C3/T5, following the convention of the 10-20 International EEG system. Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) scores were measured four times-immediately before rTMS, immediately after sham rTMS, immediately after real rTMS and two weeks after real rTMS. RESULTS: VAS and THI scores were found to show a tendency of declining. Immediately after real rTMS application, a significant decrease in VAS and THI scores was observed compared to those measured immediately before rTMS (p<0.05). The longer the duration was, the smaller the changes in THI and VAS scores were after a single session of rTMS treatment, a finding that is statistically significant (p<0.05). No significant changes in THI and VAS scores (p>0.05) attributable to the direction of tinnitus were observed. CONCLUSION: A single session rTMS is thought to be a possible adjunctive treatment for tem-porary relief of tinnitus.
Electroencephalography ; Humans ; Salicylamides ; Tinnitus ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate motor excitability and hand function on the non-dominant side according to the polarity of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the motor cortex in a healthy person. METHOD: tDCS was applied to the hand motor cortex for 15 minutes at an intensity of 1 mA in 28 healthy right-handed adults. Subjects were divided randomly into four groups: an anodal tDCS of the non-dominant hemisphere group, a cathodal tDCS of the non-dominant hemisphere group, an anodal tDCS of the dominant hemisphere group, and a sham group. We measured the motor evoked potential (MEP) in the abductor pollicis brevis and Jabsen-Taylor hand function test (JTT) in the non-dominant hand prior to and following tDCS. All study procedures were done under double-blind design. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the MEP amplitude and a significant improvement in the JTT in the non-dominant hand following anodal tDCS of the non-dominant hemisphere (p<0.05). But there was no change in JTT and a significant decrease in the MEP amplitude in the non-dominant hand following cathodal tDCS on the non-dominant hemisphere and anodal tDCS of the dominant hemisphere. CONCLUSION: Non-dominant hand function is improved by increased excitability of the motor cortex. Although motor cortex excitability is decreased in a healthy person, non-dominant hand function is maintained. A homeostatic mechanism in the brain might therefore be involved in preserving this function. Further studies are warranted to examine brain functions to clarify this mechanism.
Adult ; Brain ; Evoked Potentials, Motor ; Hand ; Humans ; Motor Cortex ; Salicylamides

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with severe pruritus, but there are only a few effective treatment modalities. Previous studies have demonstrated that infrared light inhibited the development of atopic dermatitis. OBJECTIVE: This study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of StoneTouch(R) infrared device in reducing pruritus associated with atopic dermatitis. METHODS: A total of 92 patients with atopic dermatitis with mild to moderate AD were enrolled in the randomized single-blind, placebo-controlled study. Randomly assigned StoneTouch(R) or sham device was irradiated three times daily for 14 days trial. Efficacy was evaluated by visual analogue scales and investigator's assessments. RESULTS: Pruritus scores using VAS evaluated by patients revealed greater improvement in the StoneTouch(R) infrared treatment group. Assessment of treated skin lesion by physicians showed significant improvement of skin findings in treated group. Transient erythema and mild irritation on the treated site were reported in a few patients. These symptoms were diminished within 1~2 days of treatment. CONCLUSION: StoneTouch(R) infrared device is safe and effective in reducing pruritus in patients with atopic dermatitis.
Dermatitis, Atopic ; Erythema ; Humans ; Light ; Pruritus ; Salicylamides ; Skin ; Weights and Measures

BACKGROUND: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with severe pruritus, but there are only a few effective treatment modalities. Previous studies have demonstrated that infrared light inhibited the development of atopic dermatitis. OBJECTIVE: This study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of StoneTouch(R) infrared device in reducing pruritus associated with atopic dermatitis. METHODS: A total of 92 patients with atopic dermatitis with mild to moderate AD were enrolled in the randomized single-blind, placebo-controlled study. Randomly assigned StoneTouch(R) or sham device was irradiated three times daily for 14 days trial. Efficacy was evaluated by visual analogue scales and investigator's assessments. RESULTS: Pruritus scores using VAS evaluated by patients revealed greater improvement in the StoneTouch(R) infrared treatment group. Assessment of treated skin lesion by physicians showed significant improvement of skin findings in treated group. Transient erythema and mild irritation on the treated site were reported in a few patients. These symptoms were diminished within 1~2 days of treatment. CONCLUSION: StoneTouch(R) infrared device is safe and effective in reducing pruritus in patients with atopic dermatitis.
Dermatitis, Atopic ; Erythema ; Humans ; Light ; Pruritus ; Salicylamides ; Skin ; Weights and Measures

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the primary motor cortex on sensory and pain perception. METHOD: We measured the current perception threshold and the pain tolerance threshold with Neurometer? CPT/C in 14 healthy subjects (eleven males and three females, mean age: 25.0 years). Threshold testing was evaluated prior to, immediately after, 30 min after and 60 min after rTMS. The stimulation parameters were a frequency of 10 Hz and a field intensity of 100% of the active motor thresholds. Stimuli were provided in trains of 100 pulses, followed by a 50s rest period, 10 trains were applied in the session, resulting in 1,000 pulses in total. RESULTS: The current perception thresholds of 5, 250, 2,000 Hz were significantly increased immediately, 30 min after rTMS (p<0.05) and no effects at all were noticed after sham rTMS. The pain tolerance thresholds of 5, 250 Hz were significantly increased immediately, 30 min after rTMS and the pain tolerance threshold of 2,000 Hz were significantly increased immediately, 30 min, 60 min after rTMS (p< 0.05). No effects at all were noticed after sham rTMS. CONCLUSION: After high frequency rTMS over the primary motor cortex, we found that the current perception thresholds and the pain tolerance thresholds of 5, 250, 2,000 Hz were significantly increased.
Female ; Humans ; Male ; Motor Cortex ; Salicylamides ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

BACKGROUND: Bone cancer pain has a disruptive effect on the cancer patient's quality of life. Although ginsenosides have been used as traditional medicine in Eastern Medicine, the effect on bone cancer pain has not been thoroughly studied. The aim of this study was to determine whether ginsenosides may alter the bone cancer pain at the spinal level. METHODS: NCTC 2472 tumor cells (2.5 x 10(5)) were injected into the femur of adult male C3H/HeJ mice to evoke bone tumor and bone cancer pain. To develop bone tumor, radiologic pictures were obtained. To assess pain, the withdrawal threshold was measured by applying a von Frey filament to the tumor cells inoculation site. The effect of intrathecal ginsenosides was investigated. Effect of ginsenosides (150, 500, 1,000 microgram) was examined at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 min after intrathecal delivery. RESULTS: The intrafemoral injection of NCTC 2472 tumor cells induced a radiological bone tumor. The withdrawal threshold with tumor development was significantly decreased compared to the sham animals. Intrathecal ginsenosides effectively increased the withdrawal threshold in the bone cancer site. CONCLUSIONS: NCTC 2472 tumor cells injection into the mice femur caused bone tumor and bone cancer pain. Intrathecal ginsenosides attenuated the bone cancer-related pain behavior. Therefore, spinal ginsenosides may be an alternative analgesic for treating bone cancer pain.
Adult ; Animals ; Bone Neoplasms ; Femur ; Ginsenosides ; Humans ; Male ; Medicine, Traditional ; Mice ; Quality of Life ; Salicylamides ; Spinal Cord

PURPOSE: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of TENS on pain and pulmonary function of post-lobectomy patients with lung cancer. METHODS: The study data collection was done from February 4, 2008 to February 7, 2009. The subjects were assigned at random to the experimental group and control group with 20 subjects in each group. The experimental group was measured for pain and pulmonary function after surgery and then again after applying TENS 100 Hz frequency and 40 mA output for 20 minutes. The control group was measured the same as the experimental group except applying sham TENS. RESULTS: The pain score of the experimental group which had TENS applied revealed that there were more significant reductions than the control group which had sham TENS applied. There was no significant difference with the number of times of receiving analgesics between the experimental and control group. The effect of TENS on pulmonary function was significantly different between the experimental group and the control group on VC 2 hours after surgery. There was no significant difference between FVC and FEV1. CONCLUSION: The findings of the study indicate that the TENS is effective in easing the pain of patients after a lobectomy.
Analgesics ; Data Collection ; Humans ; Lung ; Lung Neoplasms ; Salicylamides ; Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether or not pomegranate extract can affect depression, anxiety, and food intake in ovariectomized rats. METHODS: Seventy-nine female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: A, no operation and no drug intake; B, sham operation and distilled water; C, ovariectomy and distilled water; D, ovariectomy and 10% dilute pomegranate extract; E, ovariectomy and 20% dilute pomegranate extract; and F, ovariectomy and 40% dilute pomegranate extract. Beginning 2 days after surgery, drugs were administrated for 4 weeks. After that, the rats were subjected to the elevated plus maze (EPM) test and forced swim test (FST). RESULTS: The 10% pomegranate extract had a lower % closed arm entry frequency in the EPM test. A pomegranate dose-dependent decrease in the duration of immobility duration in FST was shown. Pomegranate did not reverse ovariectomy-related hyperphagia and weight gain. CONCLUSION: Pomegranate extract improved depression and anxiety in a postmenopausal model with ovariectomized rats.
Animals ; Anxiety ; Arm ; Depression ; Eating ; Female ; Humans ; Hyperphagia ; Ovariectomy ; Punicaceae ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Salicylamides

In the present study, the effects of tamoxifen on pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced repeated seizures and hippocampal neuronal damage in ovariectomized rats were investigated. Thirty seven virgin female Wistar rats were divided to: (1) control, (2) sham-PTZ, (3) sham-PTZ-tamoxifen (sham-PTZ-T), (4) Ovariectomized -PTZ (OVX-PTZ) and (5) OVX-PTZ-tamoxifen (OVX-PTZ-T) groups. The animals of groups 3 and 5 were injected by tamoxifen (10 mg/kg) on 7 consecutive days. After 7 days of tamoxifen injection, they also were then injected by tamoxifen 30 min prior each PTZ injection. PTZ (40 mg/kg) was injected on 6 consecutive days and the animal behaviors were observed for 60 min. The histological methods were then used to determine dark neurons in hippocampus. A significant decrease in the seizure score was seen in OVX-PTZ group compared to Sham-PTZ. The animals of OVX-PTZ-T group had a significant higher seizure score compared to OVX-PTZ group. The dark neurons in DG of OVX group were lower than sham group (p<0.01). The numbers of dark neurons in CA1 area of OVX-PTZ-T group was higher than OVX-PTZ group (p<0.05) compared to control, the numbers of dark neurons in CA3 area showed a significant increase in Sham-PTZ and OVX-PTZ group (p<0.05 and p<0.01 respectively). Dark neurons in OVX-PTZ-T group were higher than OVX-PTZ group (p<0.05). It is concluded that pretreatment of the ovariectomized rats by tamoxifen increased PTZ-induced seizure score and dark neurons. It might be suggested that tamoxifen has agonistic effects for estrogen receptors to change the seizure severity.
Animals ; Behavior, Animal ; Female ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Neurons ; Pentylenetetrazole ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Receptors, Estrogen ; Salicylamides ; Seizures ; Tamoxifen