OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the technical feasibility of intranodal lymphangiography and thoracic duct (TD) access in a canine model.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Five male mongrel dogs were studied. The dog was placed in the supine position, and the most prominent lymph node in the groin was accessed using a 26-gauge spinal needle under ultrasonography (US) guidance. If the cisterna chyli (CC) was not opacified by bilateral lymphangiography, the medial iliac lymph nodes were directly punctured and Lipiodol was injected. After opacification, the CC was directly punctured with a 22-gauge needle. A 0.018-in microguidewire was advanced through the CC and TD. A 4-Fr introducer and dilator were then advanced over the wire. The microguidewire was changed to a 0.035-in guidewire, and this was advanced into the left subclavian vein through the terminal valve of the TD. Retrograde TD access was performed using a snare kit.RESULTS: US-guided lymphangiography (including intranodal injection of Lipiodol [Guerbet]) was successful in all five dogs. However, in three of the five dogs (60%), the medial iliac lymph nodes were not fully opacified due to overt Lipiodol extravasation at the initial injection site. In these dogs, contralateral superficial inguinal intranodal injection was performed. However, two of these three dogs subsequently underwent direct medial iliac lymph node puncture under fluoroscopy guidance to deliver additional Lipiodol into the lymphatic system. Transabdominal CC puncture and cannulation with a 4-Fr introducer was successful in all five dogs. Transvenous retrograde catheterization of the TD (performed using a snare kit) was also successful in all five dogs.CONCLUSION: A canine model may be appropriate for intranodal lymphangiography and TD access. Most lymphatic intervention techniques can be performed in a canine using the same instruments that are employed in a clinical setting.
Animals ; Catheterization ; Catheters ; Dogs ; Ethiodized Oil ; Fluoroscopy ; Groin ; Humans ; Lymph Nodes ; Lymphatic System ; Lymphography ; Male ; Needles ; Punctures ; SNARE Proteins ; Subclavian Vein ; Supine Position ; Thoracic Duct ; Ultrasonography

A trichobezoar is a type of bezoar that is composed of hair. In most cases, it is confined to the stomach, but in rare cases, it may extend to the small intestine. This condition is referred to as Rapunzel syndrome. The therapeutic method for bezoar removal depends on its type, location, and size. Generally, the treatment for Rapunzel syndrome involves surgical laparotomy. Endoscopic removal has also been effective in some cases. On the other hand, complications, such as respiratory difficulty and esophageal impaction may be encountered during endoscopic removal. Until now, the successful endoscopic removal of trichobezoars has been limited to the stomach or duodenum. This paper reports the case of a 4-year-old female patient with Rapunzel syndrome whose trichobezoar reached the proximal jejunum. The trichobezoar was removed without complications using an electrosurgical knife and snare through a single-balloon enteroscopy. The trichobezoar can be removed successfully using enteroscopy under general anesthesia without abdominal laparotomy in young children. Therefore, this method of removal can be considered preferentially for children with Rapunzel syndrome.
Anesthesia, General ; Bezoars ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Duodenum ; Female ; Hair ; Hand ; Humans ; Intestine, Small ; Jejunum ; Laparotomy ; Methods ; SNARE Proteins ; Stomach

OBJECTIVE: Synaptic vesicle mobilization and neurite outgrowth regulation molecules were examined in modulation of effects of methylphenidate (MPH) in Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats (SHRs), a model for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS: We compared the changes in the protein expression level of Cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) and molecular substrates of Cdk5; tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB), syntaxin 1A (STX1A) and synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP25). Comparisons were made in prefrontal cortex of vehicle (distilled water i.p. for 7 days)-treated SHRs, vehicle-treated Wistar Kyoto Rats (WKYs) and MPH (2 mg/kg i.p. for 7 days) treated SHRs. RESULTS: The Cdk5 level of vehicle-treated SHRs was significantly decreased compared to the Cdk5 level of vehicle-treated WKY rats, but was restored to the expression level of vehicle-treated WKYs in MPH-treated SHR. The ratio of p25/p35 was significantly decreased in MPH-treated SHR compared to vehicle-treated SHR. Moreover, TrkB, STX1A and SNAP25 of vehicle-treated SHRs were significantly decreased compared to vehicle-treated WKY rats, but were restored to the expression level of vehicle-treated WKYs in MPH-treated SHR. CONCLUSION: The results show that Cdk5, TrkB, STX1A, and SNAP25 were involved in the modulation of MPH effects in prefrontal cortex of SHRs and play important role in treatment of ADHD.
Animals ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 ; Methylphenidate ; Neurites ; Phosphotransferases ; Prefrontal Cortex ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred WKY ; Soluble N-Ethylmaleimide-Sensitive Factor Attachment Proteins ; Synaptic Vesicles ; Synaptosomal-Associated Protein 25 ; Syntaxin 1 ; Tropomyosin ; Water

A trichobezoar is a type of bezoar that is composed of hair. In most cases, it is confined to the stomach, but in rare cases, it may extend to the small intestine. This condition is referred to as Rapunzel syndrome. The therapeutic method for bezoar removal depends on its type, location, and size. Generally, the treatment for Rapunzel syndrome involves surgical laparotomy. Endoscopic removal has also been effective in some cases. On the other hand, complications, such as respiratory difficulty and esophageal impaction may be encountered during endoscopic removal. Until now, the successful endoscopic removal of trichobezoars has been limited to the stomach or duodenum. This paper reports the case of a 4-year-old female patient with Rapunzel syndrome whose trichobezoar reached the proximal jejunum. The trichobezoar was removed without complications using an electrosurgical knife and snare through a single-balloon enteroscopy. The trichobezoar can be removed successfully using enteroscopy under general anesthesia without abdominal laparotomy in young children. Therefore, this method of removal can be considered preferentially for children with Rapunzel syndrome.
Anesthesia, General ; Bezoars ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Duodenum ; Female ; Hair ; Hand ; Humans ; Intestine, Small ; Jejunum ; Laparotomy ; Methods ; SNARE Proteins ; Stomach

Early detection and resection of neoplastic lesions are key objectives to diminish colorectal cancer mortality. Resection of superficial colorectal neoplasms, cold snare polypectomy, endoscopic mucosal resection, and endoscopic submucosal dissection have all been developed and used worldwide. The pocket-creation method facilitates the resection of tumors in difficult and routine locations. Early detection is the most important first step to maximize the benefits of recent advancements in endoscopic techniques. However, the detection of small, flat-shaped, or faded color lesions remains difficult. Linked color imaging, a novel multi-light technology, facilitates the recognition of minor differences in tissue by enhancing the color contrast between early colorectal neoplasms and surrounding normal mucosa in a bright field of view. The most striking feature of linked color imaging is its ability to display the color of early neoplastic lesions as distinct from inflammatory changes, both of which have similar “redness” when viewed using white light imaging. To increase the detection rate of neoplasms, linked color imaging should be used from the outset for endoscopic observation. Early detection of superficial colorectal tumors can result in decreased mortality from colorectal cancer and maintain a good quality of life for patients.
Colonoscopy ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Endoscopy ; Humans ; Methods ; Mortality ; Mucous Membrane ; Quality of Life ; SNARE Proteins ; Strikes, Employee

Colorectal tumors with superficial submucosal invasion, which cannot be removed by snaring, are one of the most optimal indications for colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD). Therefore, estimation of the invasion depth is the first key to successful colorectal ESD. Although estimation of the invasion depth based on the gross morphology may be useful in selected cases, its diagnostic accuracy could not reach the clinical requirement. The Japan Narrow-band Imaging (NBI) Expert Team (JNET) classification of NBI magnifying endoscopy findings is a useful method for histologic prediction and invasion depth estimation. However, magnifying chromoendoscopy is still necessary for JNET type 2B lesions to reach a satisfactory diagnostic accuracy. Endocytoscopy with artificial intelligence is a promising technology in invasion depth estimation; however, more data are needed for its clinical application.
Artificial Intelligence ; Classification ; Colonoscopy ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Endoscopy ; Japan ; Methods ; Neoplasm Staging ; SNARE Proteins

Autophagy is an evolutionarily-conserved self-degradative process that maintains cellular homeostasis by eliminating protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Recently, vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B (VAPB), which is associated with the familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, has been shown to regulate autophagy. In the present study, we demonstrated that knockdown of VAPB induced the up-regulation of beclin 1 expression, which promoted LC3 (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3) conversion and the formation of LC3 puncta, whereas overexpression of VAPB inhibited these processes. The regulation of beclin 1 by VAPB was at the transcriptional level. Moreover, knockdown of VAPB increased autophagic flux, which promoted the degradation of the autophagy substrate p62 and neurodegenerative disease proteins. Our study provides evidence that the regulation of autophagy by VAPB is associated with the autophagy-initiating factor beclin 1.
Autophagy ; drug effects ; physiology ; Beclin-1 ; genetics ; metabolism ; Cell Line, Transformed ; Gene Expression Regulation ; genetics ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Humans ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; R-SNARE Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; RNA, Small Interfering ; genetics ; metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Transfection

SUMMARY OF EVENT: A 2 cm-sized colonic perforation occurred during diagnostic colonoscopy. Endoscopic closure was performed immediately using detachable snare and conservative management with intravenous antibiotics was followed for several days. However, abdominal computed tomography showed huge abscess and its connection to the sigmoid colon. The patient underwent segmental colectomy, which revealed the incomplete closure of perforated lesion with severe serosal fibrotic change. TEACHING POINT: Endoscopic treatment of large-sized colonic perforations should be undertaken with caution since the possibility of incomplete closure is high. For large-sized colonic perforations, early surgical treatment should be preferentially considered over endoscopic treatment.
Abscess ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Colectomy ; Colon ; Colon, Sigmoid ; Colonoscopy ; Humans ; SNARE Proteins

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a relative safe but invasive procedure associated with both minor and major complications. Gastric perforation is one of the major complications, usually requiring surgical intervention. As most patients undergoing PEG have severe, chronic underlying diseases and are in a poor general condition, surgical intervention may substantially increase the risk of subsequent complications. A 75-year-old female suffering from an advanced glioblastoma underwent PEG to allow enteral nutrition in a local hospital. Four days later, she presented with fever and confusion. Three days after that, she presented with a generalized tonic-clonic seizure and was referred to the Asan Medical Center emergency room. Diagnostic work-up revealed PEG tube dislocation and a gastric wall defect. Therefore, the PEG tube was removed and endoscopic primary closure was performed using a detachable snare, hemoclips, and fibrin glue. Three weeks after closure, fluoroscopy revealed no leakage and the patient resumed enteral feeding without any complication.
Aged ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Dislocations ; Emergency Service, Hospital ; Endoscopy ; Enteral Nutrition ; Female ; Fever ; Fibrin Tissue Adhesive ; Fluoroscopy ; Gastrostomy* ; Glioblastoma ; Humans ; Seizures ; SNARE Proteins ; Stomach

Endoscopic resection has been shown to reduce incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer. Endoscopic management has become an established therapeutic option for colorectal neoplasia, and therefore, polypectomy is among the most important colonoscopy skills to develop. An endoscopist performing polypectomy, such as cold snare polypectomy, hot snare polypectomy, and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), should be knowledgeable and skilled in selecting and performing the proper endoscopic technique to ensure curability and safety. Here, we report and summarize the key recommendations made in the recent guideline for polypectomy and EMR developed by European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.
Colonoscopy ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal* ; Incidence ; Mortality ; Polyps ; SNARE Proteins