1.The SARS-CoV-2 variants around us: A literature review
Duran Corebima Aloysius ; Bea Hana Siswati
Malaysian Journal of Microbiology 2023;19(1):92-100
ABSTRACT
The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Wuhan (China) has become a global pandemic. Various variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been detected and the variant number of the virus continues to grow. A particular SARS-CoV-2 variant can be detected in a country that was never infected before by the virus. Furthermore, a specific SARS-CoV-2 variant, which has been detected before in a country, can be detected too in another country. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants is mainly caused by mutations and recombinations. The emergence of a SARS-CoV-2 variant in a country (which was never infected before by the virus), of course, can be explained easily as it is caused by the effect of the viral spread among countries, although there may be another explanation. On the other hand, the emergence of a SARS-CoV-2 variant (which has been previously detected in a country) in another country, always has been explained only as it is caused by the effect of the viral spread between countries. However, maybe it is caused by another factor. A literature review was performed to look for the explanation related to the emergence of a certain SARS-Cov-2 variant (which is already detected before in another country) in a country. Based on the literature review results related to the RNA virus genome and its mutation as well as its recombination, it is easy to explain the cause/agent of the emergence of a SARS-CoV-2 variant (which has been previously detected elsewhere) in another country. In this case, the emergence of a SARS-CoV-2 variant (which has been previously detected elsewhere) in a country may be caused by mutations and/or recombinations in addition to the probability that it may also occur due to the spread of the virus among countries; so the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variant that has been previously detected elsewhere in other countries does not only occur due to the spread of the virus.
SARS-CoV-2
2.Clinical profile and course on follow-up of newborns of SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers
Vivien Lorraine L. Duyongco ; Victora G. Bael ; Karen Joy N. Kimseng ; Cleo Anna Marie D. Pasco ; Aimee Cristine C. Tan
Pediatric Infectious Disease Society of the Philippines Journal 2022;23(1):27-38
Objective:
This study aims to determine the clinical profile and course on follow-up of newborns delivered to a SARS-CoV-2 positive mother from two private tertiary hospitals.
Methodology:
This is a retrospective, cross-sectional study. A chart review of all neonates delivered to SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers was conducted. Subsequent interview was done to determine their clinical course and neurologic status at 3-, 6-, 9-, 12-, and 15-month-old. Data collected was presented as frequencies, percentages, or proportions.
Results:
Out of the 67 newborns born to SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers, three neonates tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. All three were delivered to mothers with mild symptoms, were full term, with good APGAR score and appropriate for gestational age. One was eventually intubated and managed as COVID-19 confirmed critical. Among the SARS-CoV-2 negative newborns, majority had an unremarkable neonatal outcome. Thirty-six neonates were available for follow-up: 1 expired due to aspiration pneumonia at 2 months of age, 4 were readmitted for pneumonia, UTI, acute gastroenteritis, and cow’s milk allergy. Twenty-one had infection at one point prior to this study follow-up but were all mild not requiring admission. Two had abnormal head size, while 2 had developmental delay, these 4 infants with neurological findings on follow-up were all RT-PCR negative at birth.
Conclusion
Maternal COVID-19 infection does not necessarily result to a neonatal infection. For those neonate swith mild symptoms, SARS-CoV-2 causality could not be established. On follow-up, there were a few who developed significant problems that have long-term implications in the overall growth and development of the child.
SARS-CoV-2
3.Multi-System Inflammatory Syndrome in Neonate (MIS-N) presenting as Bowel Obstruction: A case report
Catherine Uy Cano ; Lynard Anthony De Dios Ignacio ; Edwin Vasquez Rodriguez ; Froilan Vicente Gallardo Vinuya ; Robert Dennis J. Garcia ; Josefino Averilla Regalado
Pediatric Infectious Disease Society of the Philippines Journal 2022;23(2):9-18
Background:
Since the start of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a post-infection hyperinflammatory process in children with features similar to Kawasaki disease, termed multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C),1 was identified. Thousands of MIS-C cases have already been reported worldwide.2 As possible cases of MIS-C in neonates were increasingly identified, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in neonates (MIS-N) as a distinct entity was proposed as neonates may not manifest all the typical features described in older children.
Case Presentation:
We describe the case of a previously well term neonate with sudden signs of bowel obstruction who later had multisystem involvement (cardiac, gastrointestinal, and hematologic). The baby was born to a 23-yearold multigravida with an unremarkable prenatal history except for COVID-19 infection during her 34th week age of gestation. The mother presented with mild respiratory symptoms and resolved with supportive management. Our patient was born stable, then had sudden manifestations of feeding intolerance on the 16th day of life and upon work-up had moderate anemia, elevated inflammatory and cardiac markers, ileus, and dilatation of proximal left coronary artery. RT-PCR for SARS-CoV2 was negative. The baby was managed with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and steroids, with rapid clinical and laboratory parameters improvement thereafter.
Conclusion
MIS-N is still evolving as a disease entity with no clear, directed guidance yet on diagnosis and management. Management is extrapolated from treatment of MIS-C. Additional case reports and series are warranted to increase awareness and enable better understanding of the disease pathology among clinicians for timely investigation, diagnosis, and management.
SARS-CoV-2
4.A cross-sectional study on the sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness of Filipino medical students in a state-run university during the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic
PandemicRaphael Ian B. Velasco ; Rafael Lorenzo G. Valenzuela ; Manuel Peter Paul C. Jorge II
Acta Medica Philippina 2020;54(Online):1-10
Introduction:
Movement restrictions and changes in medical education around the world due to the Coronavirus 2019 pandemic have been sources of stress, which affect sleep and compound the demands of medical education. In the Philippines, stay-at-home orders were implemented in the National Capital Region on 15 March 2020, and despite various readjustments and re-definitions, remain in effect to date, March 2022.
Objectives. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the sleep quality and daytime sleepiness of Filipino medical students during prolonged stay-at-home orders, to compare them with pre-pandemic evaluations, and to explore associations between scores and participant characteristics.
Methods:
The medical student population of a state-run university in the City of Manila was included, while those on a leave of absence were excluded. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index which measure excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep quality, respectively, were disseminated via Google Forms from April to May 2021.
Results:
Response rate was 87.75% (n=709) with a mean age of 22.9 ± 2.0 years and a 1:1.09 male-to-female ratio. Among the respondents, 41.18% had excessive daytime sleepiness, and was significantly higher for first-year premedicine students. Compared to pre-pandemic scores, daytime sleepiness decreased during the pandemic. On the other hand, 62.34% of the respondents had poor sleep quality, with global scores being significantly higher for the first-year pre-medicine students. Relationships between participants' characteristics and their scores were extremely weak, while a moderately significant correlation existed between global daytime sleepiness and sleep quality scores.
Conclusion
Both excessive daytime sleepiness and poor sleep quality remain prevalent during prolonged stay-athome orders. These reflect the effect of the pandemic on stress inherent to medical education, and may be additional facets to be regarded in evaluating the general well-being of medical students.
SARS-CoV-2
5.A cross-sectional study on the sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness of Filipino medical students in a state-run university during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic
Raphael Ian B. Velasco ; Rafael Lorenzo G. Valenzuela ; Manuel Peter Paul C. Jorge II, MD
Acta Medica Philippina 2023;57(8):59-68
Introduction:
Movement restrictions and changes in medical education around the world due to the Coronavirus 2019 pandemic have been sources of stress, which affect sleep and compound the demands of medical education. In the Philippines, stay-at-home orders were implemented in the National Capital Region on 15 March 2020, and despite various readjustments and re-definitions, remain in effect to date, March 2022.
Objectives. This cross-sectional study aims to determine the sleep quality and daytime sleepiness of Filipino medical students during prolonged stay-at-home orders, to compare them with pre-pandemic evaluations, and to explore associations between scores and participant characteristics.
Methods:
The medical student population of a state-run university in the City of Manila was included, while those on a leave of absence were excluded. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index which measure excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep quality, respectively, were disseminated via Google Forms from April to May 2021.
Results:
Response rate was 87.75% (n=709) with a mean age of 22.9 ± 2.0 years and a 1:1.09 male-to-female ratio. Among the respondents, 41.18% had excessive daytime sleepiness, and was significantly higher for first-year premedicine students. Compared to pre-pandemic scores, daytime sleepiness decreased during the pandemic. On the other hand, 62.34% of the respondents had poor sleep quality, with global scores being significantly higher for the first-year pre-medicine students. Relationships between participants' characteristics and their scores were extremely weak, while a moderately significant correlation existed between global daytime sleepiness and sleep quality scores.
Conclusion
Both excessive daytime sleepiness and poor sleep quality remain prevalent during prolonged stay-athome orders. These reflect the effect of the pandemic on stress inherent to medical education, and may be additional facets to be regarded in evaluating the general well-being of medical students.
SARS-CoV-2
6.Relationship of trust on selected health information sources and COVID-19 vaccine acceptance among older adults
Eunice Simone R. Tung ; Danielle Janica Ballescas ; Xyle Arani Ysabel B. Balquiedra ; Rowell Kian B. Carig ; Rommel Angelo P. Sanchez ; Vincent Gerald M. Santos ; Janelle P. Castro ; Tricia Kaye F. Palola ; Jocelyn M. Molo
Health Sciences Journal 2023;12(2):78-84
Introduction:
In order to suppress the COVID-19 virus, several vaccines have been developed. The
administration of COVID-19 vaccines entails its acceptance. However, misinformation and vaccine
uncertainty are main factors that affect vaccine acceptance. This study aimed to determine the most
trusted health information source, the most frequently accessed health information source, and health
literacy of older adults within Metro Manila.
Methods:
This study employed a quantitative non-experimental design utilizing correlational and descriptive
approaches. Convenience sampling was utilized via Facebook to recruit participants. The survey was
adapted from four different questionnaires and went through reliability testing and expert validation.
Results
The researchers collected responses from a total of 123 participants. The participants were noted
to have an overall high level of acceptance for the COVID-19 vaccine ( 4.10, SD ± 0.22).
The study revealed that doctors were the highly trusted health information source (( =3.69, SD ± 1.30),
followed by government health agencies (( =3.18, SD ± 0.73), whereas religious organizations and leaders
(( =2.45, SD ± 0.48) were the least trusted sources. However, despite being the least trusted source,
religious organizations and leaders were shown to be positively related (p=0.049) and highly predictive of
COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. The most frequently accessed health information source, health workers,
have a weak correlation (r=.323) and were found to be significantly positively related (p=0.008) and highly
predictive of the acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine. The credibility of health information sources is
likely to influence their selection, influencing decisions and behaviors.
SARS-CoV-2
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Geriatrics
7.UP Philippine General Hospital Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Consensus recommendations for in-Patient managementof Diabetes Mellitus among persons with COVID-19
Cecilia Jimeno ; Ma. Cecille Anonuevo-Cruz ; Angelique Bea Uy ; Adrian Oscar Bacena ; Mark David Francisco ; Angelique Love Tiglao-Gica ; Racquel Bruno ; Diane Grace Corpuz
Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies 2020;35(1):14-25
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a known risk factor for morbidity and mortality among patients with COVID-19 based on recent studies. While there are many local and international guidelines on inpatient management of diabetes, the complicated pathology of the virus, the use of glucose-elevating drugs such as glucocorticoids, antivirals and even inotropes, and various other unique problems has made the management of in-hospital hyperglycemia among patients with COVID-19 much more difficult than in other infections. The objective of this guidance is to collate and integrate the best available evidence that has been published regarding in-patient management of diabetes among patients with COVID-19. A comprehensive review of literature was done and recommendations have been made through a consensus of expert endocrinologists from the University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital (UP-PGH) Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism. These recommendations are evolving as we continue to understand the pathology of the disease and how persons with diabetes are affected by this virus.
COVID-19
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SARS-COV-2
8.Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome In Children (MIS-C): A case series in a tertiary hospital
Jerrymae R. Blasurca ; Glenn C. Monge ; Jenneelyn A. Gonzales-Ritona ; Janella M. Tiu ; Jaime A. Santos ; Maria Anna P. Bañ ; ez ; Fatima I. Gimenez
Pediatric Infectious Disease Society of the Philippines Journal 2021;22(1):19-25
The clinical course of COVID-19 in the pediatric population has been reported to be mild in the majority of affected patients. However, a condition referred to as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) can occur with SARS-CoV-2 infection where patients can become critically ill. In this series, we describe five pediatric patients with the spectrum of MIS-C associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
COVID-19
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SARS-CoV-2
9.Should symptom-based strategy or test-based strategy be used for allowing workers who were previously infected with COVID-19 to return to work? A living systematic review
Acta Medica Philippina 2020;54(Rapid Reviews on COVID19):1-6
Objective
This review aimed to synthesize data on the accuracy, benefits, and harms of symptom-based and test-based strategies.
COVID-19
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SARS-CoV-2
10.Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction among COVID-19 patients with self-reported smell loss versus objective olfactory tests: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Joyce Anne F. Regalado ; Mariel Mae H. Tayam ; Romiena A. Santos ; January E. Gelera
Philippine Journal of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery 2021;36(1):6-14
Background:
Olfactory dysfunction (OD) in COVID-19 presents as a sudden onset smell loss commonly seen in mild symptomatic cases with or without rhinitis but can occur as an isolated symptom. The reported prevalence of OD among COVID-19 patients ranged from 5% to 98%. Although numerous studies have been conducted about their association, these were mainly based on self-reported cases and subjective questionnaires.
Objective:
This study investigates whether there is a significant difference in the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction between self-reported and objective testing using validated objective olfactory tests among RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients.
Methods:
PubMed (MEDLINE), Cochrane, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched for studies investigating the prevalence of OD by using objective olfactory tests among patients who self-reported OD (November 1, 2019 to July 31, 2020). All studies were assessed for quality and bias using the Cochrane bias tool. Patient demographics, type of objective olfactory test, and results of self-reported OD and objective testing were reported.
Results:
Nine studies encompassing 673 patients met the inclusion criteria. Validated objective olfactory tests used in the included studies were CCCRC, SST and SIT. Overall prevalence of OD among patients who self-reported was higher after objective testing (71% versus 81%). This was also seen in when we performed subgroup analysis based on the objective tests that were used. However, meta-analysis using random effects model showed no significant difference in the overall prevalence of OD (p value=.479, 95% CI 56.6 to 84.0 versus 71.2 to 89.8) as well as in the subgroups.
Conclusion
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis that statistically reviewed articles that evaluated the difference between self-reported and objective tests done on the same patients. Results showing that self-reporting OD approximates the results of the objective tests among COVID-19 positive patients may imply that self-reporting can be sufficient in contact tracing and triggering swabbing and self quarantine during the time of COVID-19 and objective tests can be used as an adjunct in the diagnosis particularly in research. However, this study was limited by small sample size and articles done in European countries hence, interpretation and application of the results of this study must be approached with care. Further studies documenting the difference between self-reporting and objective test in large scale setting involving different countries may be helpful in establishing a definitive consensus.
Anosmia
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SARS-CoV-2
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Pandemics