Male infertility has become a global concern, accounting for 20-70% of infertility. Dysfunctional spermatogenesis is the most common cause of male infertility; thus, treating abnormal spermatogenesis may improve male infertility and has attracted the attention of the medical community. Mitochondria are essential organelles that maintain cell homeostasis and normal physiological functions in various ways, such as mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mitochondrial OXPHOS transmits electrons through the respiratory chain, synthesizes adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and produces reactive oxygen species (ROS). These mechanisms are vital for spermatogenesis, especially to maintain the normal function of testicular Sertoli cells and germ cells. The disruption of mitochondrial OXPHOS caused by external factors can result in inadequate cellular energy supply, oxidative stress, apoptosis, or ferroptosis, all inhibiting spermatogenesis and damaging the male reproductive system, leading to male infertility. This article summarizes the latest pathological mechanism of mitochondrial OXPHOS disorder in testicular Sertoli cells and germ cells, which disrupts spermatogenesis and results in male infertility. In addition, we also briefly outline the current treatment of spermatogenic malfunction caused by mitochondrial OXPHOS disorders. However, relevant treatments have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, targeting mitochondrial OXPHOS disorders in Sertoli cells and germ cells is a research direction worthy of attention. We believe this review will provide new and more accurate ideas for treating male infertility.
Male ; Humans ; Infertility, Male/metabolism* ; Oxidative Phosphorylation ; Mitochondria/metabolism* ; Spermatogenesis/physiology* ; Sertoli Cells/metabolism* ; Oxidative Stress/physiology* ; Animals ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism*

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of p38 on stem cell maintenance of pancreatic cancer. Methods Human pancreatic cancer cells PANC-1 were treated with different concentrations of 5-fluorouracil(5-FU)(0.5×IC₅₀, IC₅₀, and 2×IC₅₀) for 24 hours, and VX-702 (p38 phosphorylation inhibitor) was added, and the cells were inoculated in 6-well culture dishes with ultra-low adhesion to observe the changes of sphere tumors. The expression levels of cyclin-dependent kinase 2(CDK2), cyclin B1 and D1, Octamer-binding transcription factor 4(OCT4), SRY-box transcription factor 2(SOX2), Nanog and p38 were measured by Western blot. The mRNA expression levels of p38, OCT4, Nanog and SOX2 were tested by RT-PCR. Cell cycle, apoptosis, and the proportion of CD44⁺CD133⁺PANC-1 cells were evaluated by flow cytometry. Results The results showed that 5-FU inhibited the formation of tumor spheres in PANC-1 cells, increased CD44⁺CD133⁺cell fragments, down-regulated the expression of OCT4, Nanog and SOX2, and inhibited the stemness maintenance of PANC-1 tumor stem cells. Phosphorylation of PANC-1 cells was inhibited by a highly selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, VX-702(p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor), which had the same effect as 5-FU treatment. When VX-702 combined with 5-FU was used to treat PANC-1 cells, the therapeutic effect was enhanced. Conclusion p38 inhibitors decreased PANC-1 cell activity and increased cell apoptosis. p38 inhibitors inhibit the stemness maintenance of pancreatic cancer stem cells.
Humans ; Phosphorylation/drug effects* ; Cell Line, Tumor ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors* ; Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism* ; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects* ; Fluorouracil/pharmacology* ; Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology* ; Apoptosis/drug effects* ; SOXB1 Transcription Factors/genetics* ; Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics*

Objective To investigate the regulatory effect of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) on the proliferation and apoptosis of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) cells SKM-1 and its potential mechanisms. Methods SOCS1 was overexpressed in SKM-1 cells by transfection with exogenous SOCS1-overexpressing plasmid. Cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed with CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Western blot was used to evaluate the expression of proteins related to the Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK2/STAT) signaling pathway. Additionally, a NOD/SCID mouse model of MDS was established to record mouse body weight and survival time, assessing the impact of the SOCS1 gene on the growth of SKM-1 cells in vivo. Results Transfection of the SOCS1-overexpressing plasmid significantly increased the mRNA and protein expression levels of SOCS1 in the MDS cell line SKM-1. Overexpression of SOCS1 remarkably reduced cell viability, inhibited cell proliferation, and promoted apoptosis of SKM-1 cells, which also decreased the expression of phosphorylated-JAK2 (p-JAK2), phosphorylated-STAT3 (p-STAT3), and p-STAT5 proteins. Furthermore, in vivo experiment results showed that the body weight and survival time of mice in the SOCS1 overexpression group were significantly better than those in the MDS model group, and the number of CD45⁺ SKM-1 cells in the peripheral blood was significantly lower than that in the MDS model group, indicating that SOCS1 overexpression could inhibit the activity of SKM-1 cells in mice. Western blot results verified the protein expression level of SOCS1 in the bone marrow of mice in the SOCS1 overexpression group was significantly higher than that in the MDS model group, while the protein expression levels of p-JAK2, p-STAT3, and p-STAT5 were significantly lower than those in the MDS model group. Conclusion SOCS1 inhibits the proliferation of MDS cell line SKM-1 and promotes its apoptosis by negatively regulating the JAK2/STAT signaling pathway, making it a potential therapeutic target for myelodysplastic syndromes.
Animals ; Humans ; Mice ; Apoptosis ; Body Weight ; Bone Marrow/metabolism* ; Janus Kinase 2/metabolism* ; Mice, Inbred NOD ; Mice, SCID ; Myelodysplastic Syndromes/metabolism* ; Phosphorylation ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism* ; STAT5 Transcription Factor/metabolism* ; Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling 1 Protein/metabolism* ; Cell Proliferation

Objective To investigate the effect of FUNDC1 tyrosine phosphorylation site mutations on mitophagy in H9c2 myocardial cells by constructing tyrosine site mutant plasmids (Y11 and Y18) of the FUN14 domain-containing protein 1 (FUNDC1). Methods The mutant plasmids constructed by whole-gene synthesis were transfected into rat myocardial H9c2 cells and divided into five groups: empty plasmid group, FUNDC1 overexpression group, Y11 mutant group, Y18 mutant group, and Y11 combined with Y18 mutant group. The viability of H9c2 cells was assessed using the CCK-8 assay. Additionally, tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester (TMRE) staining was utilized to detect mitochondrial membrane potential. The protein expression levels of FUNDC1, translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane 20 (TOM20), and cytochrome c oxidase IV (COX IV) were detected by Western blot analysis. Confocal microscopy was used to evaluate transfection efficiency as well as the co-localization of mitochondria and lysosomes. Results The FUNDC1 overexpression, Y11, Y18, and Y11 combined with Y18 mutant plasmids were successfully constructed. After plasmid transfection, widespread GFP fluorescence expression was observed under confocal microscopy. Compared with the empty plasmid group, FUNDC1 protein expression levels were significantly increased in the FUNDC1 overexpression group, Y11 mutation group, Y18 mutation group, and Y11 combined with Y18 mutation group, while cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential showed no significant changes. Compared to the empty plasmid group, cells transfected with Y18 and Y11 combined with Y18 mutant plasmids showed increased TOM20 and COX IV expression levels and decreased mitochondrial-lysosomal co-localization. Conclusion Transfection with FUNDC1 Y18 or Y11 combined with Y18 mutant plasmids inhibited mitophagy in H9c2 myocardial cells.
Animals ; Rats ; Mitophagy/genetics* ; Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology* ; Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism* ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; Tyrosine/genetics* ; Cell Line ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism* ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial

Triclocarban (TCC) is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial widely used in various personal care products, textiles, and children's toys. TCC has potential reproductive and developmental toxicity in animals. However, little is known regarding the effect of TCC on human sperm function. In this study, an in vitro assay was used to investigate the effects of TCC on normal human spermatozoa and the possible underlying mechanisms involved. Semen from healthy male donors was collected and cultured in complete Biggers, Whitten and Whittingham (BWW) and low-sugar BWW media, followed by treatment with TCC at concentrations of 0, 0.1 µmol l -1 , 1 µmol l -1 , 10 µmol l -1 , and 100 µmol l -1 for 4 h. TCC was found to reduce the sperm total motility and progressive motility. Moreover, the sperm kinematic parameters, straight-line velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), and curvilinear velocity (VCL) were affected in a dose-dependent manner. After treatment with TCC at the lowest effective concentration of 10 µmol l -1 , TCC caused a significant decrease in mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), similar to the observations with the positive control carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), suggesting that TCC may decrease sperm motility by affecting the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway. In a sugar-free and low-sugar BWW culture environment, TCC enhanced the damaging effect on sperm motility and ATP, MMP, and lactate decreased significantly, suggesting that TCC may also affect the glycolytic pathway that supplies energy to spermatozoa. This study demonstrates a possible mechanism of TCC toxicity in spermatozoa involving both the OXPHOS and glycolysis pathways.
Male ; Sperm Motility/drug effects* ; Humans ; Carbanilides/pharmacology* ; Oxidative Phosphorylation/drug effects* ; Glycolysis/drug effects* ; Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects* ; Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism* ; Spermatozoa/metabolism* ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism* ; Mitochondria/metabolism*

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the clinical features and gene mutation characteristics of combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency type 7 (COXPD7) caused by mutations in the C12orf65 gene, and to enhance the awareness of this disease. METHODS: A child diagnosed with COXPD7 in the Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University in 2021 was included, along with 10 patients reported in the literature. All subjects were analyzed for their genotypes and clinical phenotypes. RESULTS: A total of 11 patients with COXPD7 were included, comprising 1 reported in this study and 10 from the literature. Among the 11 patients, 9 had homozygous mutations in the C12orf65 gene, while 2 had compound heterozygous mutations, which were identified as frameshift or nonsense mutations. The age of onset ranged from 1 day to 2 years, and clinical manifestations included optic nerve atrophy and delays in intellectual and motor development. Eight patients exhibited external ophthalmoplegia, and five patients displayed spastic paralysis. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging revealed optic nerve atrophy in all 11 patients, abnormal brainstem signals in 10 patients, and a lactate peak on brainstem magnetic resonance spectroscopy scans in 3 patients. CONCLUSIONS COXPD7 associated with the C12orf65 gene results from homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations, with primary clinical manifestations of optic nerve atrophy and delays in intellectual and motor development. Some patients may also present with spastic paralysis or external ophthalmoplegia. Cranial imaging reveals symmetrical abnormal signals in bilateral basal ganglia and brainstem, and a lactate peak is observed on brainstem magnetic resonance spectroscopy scans.
Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Mitochondrial Diseases/genetics* ; Mitochondrial Proteins/genetics* ; Mutation ; Oxidative Phosphorylation ; Infant, Newborn

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of histone deacetylase (HDAC) levels on the proliferation and apoptosis of Burkitt lymphoma cells, and the changes in related signaling molecules in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, so as to explore the pathogenesis of Burkitt lymphoma. METHODS: HDAC levels in Burkitt lymphoma were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. CA46 and RAJI cells were treated with the HDAC selective inhibitor VPA. CCK8 assay was used to detect the proliferation ability of cells. Western Blot was used to measure the expression of apoptosis-related proteins, PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway proteins and their phosphorylation levels. RESULTS: The expression levels of classⅠ HDAC in Burkitt lymphoma were higher than those in normal cells, and the HDAC1 inhibitor VPA could inhibit the proliferation of CA46 and RAJI cells. VPA decreased HDAC expression in CA46 and RAJI cells, inhibited the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway molecules AKT and p70S6K, increased the expression of apoptotic proteins Cleaved Caspase-3, Cleaved Caspase-8, Cleaved Caspase-9 and Bax, and decreased the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and PARP. CONCLUSION Inhibition of HDAC activity can Attenuate the proliferation of Burkitt lymphoma cells and induce apoptosis by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway activity.
Humans ; Burkitt Lymphoma/pathology* ; Apoptosis ; Cell Proliferation ; Signal Transduction ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism* ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism* ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Histone Deacetylases/metabolism* ; TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism* ; Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors/pharmacology* ; Phosphorylation

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of Bushen Huoxue Granule on the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in an in vitro model of Parkinson's disease. METHODS: After treated with 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP⁺, 1 mmol/L) for 24 h, the cells were incubated with drug-free serum, Madopar-containing serum or Bushen Huoxue Granule-containing serum (BCS, 5%, 10%, and 20%) for another 24 h. The levels of α-synuclein (α-syn), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and UPS-related proteins were detected by Western blot. The expression levels of α-syn in PC12 cells were also analyzed by Western blot after treated with proteasome inhibitor MG132 and WT-α-syn plasmid transfection, respectively, as well as the alterations induced by subsequent BCS intervention. Immunocytochemistry was performed to determine the changes in α-syn phosphorylation at serine 129 (pSer129-α-syn) expression. The 20S proteasome levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbnent assay. RESULTS: BCS (volume fraction ⩽20%) intervention could alleviate the MMP⁺-induced cell viability decrease (P<0.05). In the MPP⁺ treated cells, α-syn was up-regulated, while TH and proteins of UPS such as ubiquitin (Ub), Ub binding with Ub-activating enzyme (UBE1), Parkin and Ub C-terminal hydrolase-1 (UCHL-1) were down-regulated (P<0.05). BCS intervention could attenuate the above changes (P<0.05). The activity of BCS on blocking α-syn accumulation was weakened by MG132 (P<0.05). While α-syn level was significantly increased in cells transfected with plasmid, and reduced by BCS intervention (P<0.05). pSer129-α-syn was increased in MPP⁺-induced PC12 cells, whereas decreased by later BCS intervention (P<0.05). The 20S proteasome activity of MPP⁺-induced PC12 cells was decreased, but increased after BCS intervention (P<0.05). CONCLUSION BCS intervention protected UPS function, increased 20S proteasome activity, promoted pathological α-syn clearance, restored cell viability, and reversed the damage caused by MPP⁺ in the in vitro model of Parkinson's disease.
PC12 Cells ; alpha-Synuclein/metabolism* ; Rats ; Animals ; 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium/toxicity* ; Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism* ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology* ; Ubiquitin/metabolism* ; Cell Survival/drug effects* ; Phosphorylation/drug effects* ; Tyrosine 3-Monooxygenase/metabolism*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate cisplatin-induced cardiovascular toxicity and explore the protective effects and potential mechanism of curcumin co-treatment. METHODS: Forty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were numbered and randomly divided into control group, cisplatin group (7.5 mg/kg, once a week, for 2 weeks), curcumin group (200 mg/kg per day, for 2 weeks) and cisplatin+curcumin group (cisplatin 7.5 mg/kg, once a week, and curcumin 200 mg/kg per day for 2 weeks) by a random number table method, with 10 rats in each group. Cardiac and vascular morphology and functions were assessed using hematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome staining, serum indexes detection, echocardiography, electrocardiogram (ECG), blood pressure monitoring, vascular ring isometric tension measurement, and left ventricular pressure evaluation. The expressions of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and phosphorylated-ERK (p-ERK) were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS: Cisplatin treatment induced notable cardiac alteration, as evidenced by changes in cardiac morphology, elevated serum enzymes (P<0.05), ECG abnormalities, and increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (P<0.05). Meanwhile, cisplatin significantly increased arterial pulse pressure (P<0.01), primarily due to a decrease in diastolic blood pressure. Severe fibrosis was also observed in the thoracic aorta wall. In vascular ring experiments, cisplatin treatment led to a significant reduction in phenylephrine-induced contraction (P<0.05) and acetylcholine-induced relaxation (P<0.01). Notably, Curcumin co-administration significantly alleviated cisplatin-induced cardiovascular damages, as demonstrated by improvement in these parameters. Furthermore, ERK expression in the myocardium and p-ERK expression in vascular smooth muscle cells were significantly upregulated following curcumin co-treatment. CONCLUSIONS Curcumin protects the heart and vasculature from cisplatin-induced damages, likely by upregulating ERK/p-ERK expression. These findings suggest that curcumin may serve as a promising therapeutic strategy for mitigating cisplatin-associated cardiovascular toxicity during tumor chemotherapy. In vitro cell culture experiments are needed to clarify the underlying mechanism.
Animals ; Curcumin/therapeutic use* ; Cisplatin/adverse effects* ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Male ; Up-Regulation/drug effects* ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism* ; Phosphorylation/drug effects* ; Electrocardiography ; Blood Pressure/drug effects* ; Rats ; MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects*

Vascular damage plays a significant role in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of neuronal injury by vascular damage remain unclear. The present study aimed to examine the impact of fibrinogen (Fg) on tau pathology. The results showed that Fg deposits in the brains of tau P301S transgenic mice interact with tau, enhancing the cytotoxicity of pathological tau aggregates and promoting tau phosphorylation and aggregation. Notably, Fg-modified tau fibrils caused enhanced neuronal apoptosis and synaptic damage compared to unmodified fibrils. Furthermore, intrahippocampal injection of Fg-modified tau fibrils worsened the tau pathology, neuroinflammation, synaptic damage, neuronal apoptosis, and cognitive dysfunction in tau P301S mice compared to controls. The present study provides compelling evidence linking Fg and tau, thereby connecting cerebrovascular damage to tau pathology in AD. Consequently, inhibiting Fg-mediated tau pathology could potentially impede the progression of AD.
Animals ; tau Proteins/metabolism* ; Alzheimer Disease/metabolism* ; Fibrinogen/metabolism* ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mice ; Disease Models, Animal ; Memory Disorders/metabolism* ; Male ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Brain/metabolism* ; Hippocampus/metabolism* ; Protein Aggregation, Pathological/metabolism* ; Apoptosis ; Phosphorylation