Objective To investigate the current status of treatment for patients with convulsive epilepsy in rural areas of Heilongjiang Province， China and the efficacy of phenobarbital in the treatment of epilepsy， and to evaluate the effect of the epilepsy prevention and management project in rural areas. Methods EpiData， EXCEL， and SPSS 19.0 were used for data entry， processing， and statistical description to analyze the current status of epilepsy treatment in rural areas， the dose of phenobarbital， and the frequency of seizures. In the epilepsy prevention and management project of Heilongjiang Province in 2015—2020， a total of 908 patients with convulsive epilepsy were enrolled in the phenobarbital treatment group， and after standardized treatment and follow-up management， 698 patients were followed up for at least 12 months. Results The gap rate of rural epilepsy treatment in Heilongjiang Province was 56.39%. After one year of standardized treatment， the frequency of seizures decreased from 23.86 times/year before enrollment to 3.11 times/year， showing a significant reduction. The response rate of epilepsy treatment was 68.19%， and the patients without previous standard treatment tended to have a better outcome than those who received standard treatment. Conclusion The current status of epilepsy treatment is not optimistic in rural areas of Heilongjiang Province， and there remains a large gap in epilepsy treatment. It is necessary to strengthen the training on the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy among primary care physicians and implement the public education on the prevention and treatment of epilepsy， and since phenobarbital has a marked clinical effect in the treatment of epilepsy， it holds promise for further application in rural areas.
Phenobarbital

OBJECTIVE

Phenobarbital is an inductor of microsomal hepatic enzyme and used as choleretic for cholestatic liver disease to enhance bile flow. It is also used as a premedication for hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HIDA) scan to improve diagnostic accuracy for an obstructive liver disease. We reviewed the available literature on the use of Phenobarbital for treatment of cholestasis and its utility as a premedication for HIDA scan.

All published studies before June 30, 2023 that investigated the efficacy, effectiveness or safety of Phenobarbital in cholestatic jaundice and its effect on the accuracy of hepatobiliary scintigraphy in diagnosis of obstructive jaundice were included. Electronic databases were searched including MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane Library, medRxIV, BioRxIV, as well as the following registries for ongoing and completed trials: ClinicalTrials.gov (USA); ChiCTR.org. (China); and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. We screened abstracts, reviewed full texts, and extracted relevant information on study design, settings, population and outcomes. There was no age and language restriction. Two reviewers independently rated the quality of included studies using: Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool for case reports, case series, and diagnostic accuracy; Newcastle – Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for cohort studies, and Cochrane Risk of Bias for Randomized Trials. Risk of bias was appraised and GRADE certainty of evidence was judged. Pooled analysis was done using Stata 14 and reported as sensitivity and specificity.

Included were nine reports on Phenobarbital as treatment for cholestasis (one case report, five case series, one cohort and two randomized studies) and seven studies (four diagnostics, two cohorts, one randomized trial) on its use as a premedication for HIDA scan. The quality of case report and case series were considered fair; cohort studies as good; and diagnostic studies were included based on overall assessment. The randomized studies had some or high risk for bias due to concerns in randomization process, measurement of outcome, and risk in the selection of reported results.

There were 31 patients (16 adults and 15 children) from case reports and case series. Of the 16 adults, serum total bilirubin concentrations declined from 4 to 70% from baseline in 13 of 15 (87%) patients after Phenobarbital was given at 120 to 250 mg per day from 22 days to f ive months. Eleven of 14 with pruritus at onset also had improvement in intensity of itching. Of the 15 pediatric patients, ten (67%) showed a decrease from 10 to 60% of the baseline total bilirubin but not a normalization with Phenobarbital intake at a dose of 3 to 12 mg/kg/day from one to 21 months. Five of 14 children also had relief of itching after treatment.

Phenobarbital compared to Ursodeoxycholic acid had limited efficacy in reducing the bilirubin levels in neonates and young infants with cholestasis.

Phenobarbital compared to Ursodeoxycholic acid had limited efficacy in reducing the bilirubin levels in neonates and young infants with cholestasis.

Moderate certainty evidence showed that with Phenobarbital pretreatment, the hepatobiliary scan done on patients with neonatal cholestasis had 100% (CI 99.2, 100; I2 = 0.0%) sensitivity and 80.2% (CI 65.4, 92.1; I2 = 76.6%) specificity while no Phenobarbital pretreatment had 100% (94.9, 100; I2 = 0.0%) sensitivity and 89.5% (CI 77.0, 98.1; I2 = 11.4%) specificity. Adverse effects of Phenobarbital were drowsiness, lethargy, poor feeding, and irritability.

There was limited effectiveness of Phenobarbital in decreasing bilirubin levels in cholestatic liver disease. Moderate certainty evidence demonstrated that premedication with Phenobarbital did not improve the specificity of HIDA scan in the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice of infancy. Neurologic symptoms were observed with Phenobarbital intake.

Objective: Phenobarbital is an inductor of microsomal hepatic enzyme and used as choleretic for cholestatic liver disease to enhance bile flow. It is also used as a premedication for hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HIDA) scan to improve diagnostic accuracy for an obstructive liver disease. We reviewed the available literature on the use of Phenobarbital for treatment of cholestasis and its utility as a premedication for HIDA scan. Methods: All published studies before June 30, 2023 that investigated the efficacy, effectiveness or safety of Phenobarbital in cholestatic jaundice and its effect on the accuracy of hepatobiliary scintigraphy in diagnosis of obstructive jaundice were included. Electronic databases were searched including MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane Library, medRxIV, BioRxIV, as well as the following registries for ongoing and completed trials: ClinicalTrials.gov (USA); ChiCTR.org. (China); and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform. We screened abstracts, reviewed full texts, and extracted relevant information on study design, settings, population and outcomes. There was no age and language restriction. Two reviewers independently rated the quality of included studies using: Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool for case reports, case series, and diagnostic accuracy; Newcastle – Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for cohort studies, and Cochrane Risk of Bias for Randomized Trials. Risk of bias was appraised and GRADE certainty of evidence was judged. Pooled analysis was done using Stata 14 and reported as sensitivity and specificity. Results: Included were nine reports on Phenobarbital as treatment for cholestasis (one case report, five case series, one cohort and two randomized studies) and seven studies (four diagnostics, two cohorts, one randomized trial) on its use as a premedication for HIDA scan. The quality of case report and case series were considered fair; cohort studies as good; and diagnostic studies were included based on overall assessment. The randomized studies had some or high risk for bias due to concerns in randomization process, measurement of outcome, and risk in the selection of reported results. There were 31 patients (16 adults and 15 children) from case reports and case series. Of the 16 adults, serum total bilirubin concentrations declined from 4 to 70% from baseline in 13 of 15 (87%) patients after Phenobarbital was given at 120 to 250 mg per day from 22 days to f ive months. Eleven of 14 with pruritus at onset also had improvement in intensity of itching. Of the 15 pediatric patients, ten (67%) showed a decrease from 10 to 60% of the baseline total bilirubin but not a normalization with Phenobarbital intake at a dose of 3 to 12 mg/kg/day from one to 21 months. Five of 14 children also had relief of itching after treatment. Phenobarbital compared to Ursodeoxycholic acid had limited efficacy in reducing the bilirubin levels in neonates and young infants with cholestasis. Phenobarbital compared to Ursodeoxycholic acid had limited efficacy in reducing the bilirubin levels in neonates and young infants with cholestasis. Moderate certainty evidence showed that with Phenobarbital pretreatment, the hepatobiliary scan done on patients with neonatal cholestasis had 100% (CI 99.2, 100; I2 = 0.0%) sensitivity and 80.2% (CI 65.4, 92.1; I2 = 76.6%) specificity while no Phenobarbital pretreatment had 100% (94.9, 100; I2 = 0.0%) sensitivity and 89.5% (CI 77.0, 98.1; I2 = 11.4%) specificity. Adverse effects of Phenobarbital were drowsiness, lethargy, poor feeding, and irritability. Conclusion There was limited effectiveness of Phenobarbital in decreasing bilirubin levels in cholestatic liver disease. Moderate certainty evidence demonstrated that premedication with Phenobarbital did not improve the specificity of HIDA scan in the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice of infancy. Neurologic symptoms were observed with Phenobarbital intake.
phenobarbital ; cholestasis ; scintigraphy ; radionuclide imaging ; pruritus

Humans ; Scopolamine ; Phenobarbital ; Suicide

PURPOSE: To determine the long-term efficacy of the anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents, infliximab (IFX) and adalimumab (ADA), in pediatric luminal Crohn's disease (CD) by performing a systematic literature review.METHODS: An electronic search was performed in Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library from inception to September 26, 2019. Eligible studies were cohort studies with observation periods that exceeded 1 year. Studies that reported time-to-event analyses were included. Events were defined as discontinuation of anti-TNF therapy for secondary loss of response. We extracted the probabilities of continuing anti-TNF therapy 1, 2, and 3 years after initiation.RESULTS: In total, 2,464 papers were screened, 94 were selected for full text review, and 13 studies (11 on IFX, 2 on ADA) met our eligibility criteria for inclusion. After 1 year, 83–97% of patients were still receiving IFX therapy. After 2 and 3 years the probability of continuing IFX therapy decreased to 67–91% and 61–85%, respectively. In total, 5 of the 11 studies subgrouped by concomitant medication consistently showed that the probabilities of continuing IFX therapy in patients with prolonged immunomodulator use were higher than those in patients on IFX monotherapy.CONCLUSION: This review of real-world evidence studies confirms the long-term therapeutic benefit of IFX therapy in diverse cohorts of children with luminal CD. Moreover, it supports the view that combination therapy with an immunomodulator prolongs the durability of IFX therapy in patients who previously failed to recover following first-line therapy. The limited number of time-to-event studies in patients on ADA prevented us from drawing definite conclusions about its long-term efficacy.
Adalimumab ; Child ; Cohort Studies ; Crohn Disease ; Humans ; Infliximab ; Necrosis ; Pediatrics ; Phenobarbital ; Survival Analysis ; Treatment Outcome

Angiography ; Coronary Sinus ; Coronary Vessel Anomalies ; Coronary Vessels ; Diastole ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Phenobarbital ; Prevalence ; Retrospective Studies ; ROC Curve ; Systole

Canine MDR1 gene mutations produce translated P-glycoprotein, an active drug efflux transporter, resulting in dysfunction or over-expression. The 4-base deletion at exon 4 of MDR1 at nucleotide position 230 (nt230[del4]) in exon 4 makes P-glycoprotein lose function, leading to drug accumulation and toxicity. The G allele of the c.-6-180T>G variation in intron 1 of MDR1 (single nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] 180) causes P-glycoprotein over-expression, making epileptic dogs resistant to phenobarbital treatment. Both of these mutations are reported to be common in collies. This study develops a more efficient method to detect these two mutations simultaneously, and clarifies the genotype association with the side effects of chemotherapy. Genotype distribution in Taiwan was also investigated. An oligonucleotide microarray was successfully developed for the detection of both genotypes and was applied to clinical samples. No 4-base deletion mutant allele was detected in dogs in Taiwan. However, the G allele variation of SNP 180 was spread across all dog breeds, not only in collies. The chemotherapy adverse effect percentages of the SNP 180 T/T, T/G, and G/G genotypes were 16.7%, 6.3%, and 0%, respectively. This study describes an efficient way for MDR1 gene mutation detection, clarifying genotype distribution, and the association with chemotherapy.
Alleles ; Animals ; Dogs ; Drug Therapy ; Exons ; Genotype ; Introns ; Methods ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; P-Glycoprotein ; Phenobarbital ; Taiwan

The kidney collecting duct (CD) is a tubular segment of the kidney where the osmolality and final flow rate of urine are established, enabling urine concentration and body water homeostasis. Water reabsorption in the CD depends on the action of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and a transepithelial osmotic gradient between the luminal fluid and surrounding interstitium. AVP induces transcellular water reabsorption across CD principal cells through associated signaling pathways after binding to arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (AVPR2). This signaling cascade regulates the water channel protein aquaporin-2 (AQP2). AQP2 is exclusively localized in kidney connecting tubules and CDs. Specifically, AVP stimulates the intracellular translocation of AQP2-containing vesicles to the apical plasma membrane, increasing the osmotic water permeability of CD cells. Moreover, AVP induces transcription of the Aqp2 gene, increasing AQP2 protein abundance. This review provides new insights into the transcriptional regulation of the Aqp2 gene in the kidney CD with an overview of AVP and AQP2. It summarizes current therapeutic approaches for X-linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus caused by AVPR2 gene mutations.
Aquaporin 2 ; Arginine Vasopressin ; Body Water ; Cell Membrane ; Diabetes Insipidus, Nephrogenic ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Homeostasis ; Kidney ; Kidney Tubules, Collecting ; Osmolar Concentration ; Permeability ; Phenobarbital ; Receptors, Vasopressin ; Water

The role and efficacy of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) in the treatment of luminal Crohn's disease (CD) has been well established over the last 2 decades. Consequently, in many centers nutritional therapy is now considered first line therapy in the induction of remission of active CD. However, the use of nutritional therapy in complicated CD has yet to be fully determined. This article aimed to review case reports and clinical trials published in the last decade that have considered and evaluated nutritional therapy in the setting of complicated CD in children and adults. Published literature focusing upon the use of nutritional therapy as part of medical therapy in the management of complicated CD were identified and reviewed. Although there continue to be various interventions utilized for complicated CD, the currently available literature demonstrates that nutritional therapies, especially EEN, have important roles in the management of these complex scenarios. Further assessments, involving large numbers of patients managed with consistent approaches, are required to further substantiate these roles.
Adult ; Child ; Crohn Disease ; Enteral Nutrition ; Humans ; Intestinal Fistula ; Intestinal Obstruction ; Phenobarbital ; Remission Induction

PURPOSE: The benefit of post-mastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) in patients with breast cancer who achieve ypN0 following neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has not yet been established. This study aimed to identify the role of PMRT in patients who achieve ypN0 according to molecular subtype. METHODS: We identified patients initially suspected with axillary disease who achieved ypN0 following NAC. From 13 institutions of the Korean Radiation Oncology Group between 2005 and 2011, a total of 189 patients were included in the analysis. Effects of PMRT on loco-regional control (LRC), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were evaluated for different molecular subtypes. RESULTS: In all patients, the prognostic effect of PMRT on LRC, DFS, or OS was not significant. Subgroups analysis showed that the effect of PMRT on LRC was different according to molecular subtype (p for interaction = 0.019). PMRT was associated with greater LRC in the luminal subtype (p = 0.046), but not in other subtypes. CONCLUSION: In patients who achieve ypN0 following NAC and mastectomy, PMRT shows no additional survival benefits for any molecular subtype.
Breast Neoplasms ; Disease-Free Survival ; Drug Therapy ; Humans ; Mastectomy ; Neoadjuvant Therapy ; Phenobarbital ; Radiation Oncology ; Radiotherapy