PURPOSE: To investigate the protective effect of sub-hypothermic mechanical perfusion combined with membrane lung oxygenation on ischemic hypoxic injury of yorkshire brain tissue caused by traumatic blood loss. METHODS: This article performed a random controlled trial. Brain tissue of 7 yorkshire was selected and divided into the sub-low temperature anterograde machine perfusion group (n = 4) and the blank control group (n = 3) using the random number table method. A yorkshire model of brain tissue injury induced by traumatic blood loss was established. Firstly, the perfusion temperature and blood oxygen saturation were monitored in real-time during the perfusion process. The number of red blood cells, hemoglobin content, NA⁺, K⁺, and Ca²⁺ ions concentrations and pH of the perfusate were detected. Following perfusion, we specifically examined the parietal lobe to assess its water content. The prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were then dissected for histological evaluation, allowing us to investigate potential regional differences in tissue injury. The blank control group was sampled directly before perfusion. All statistical analyses and graphs were performed using GraphPad Prism 8.0 Student t-test. All tests were two-sided, and p value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance. RESULTS: The contents of red blood cells and hemoglobin during perfusion were maintained at normal levels but more red blood cells were destroyed 3 h after the perfusion. The blood oxygen saturation of the perfusion group was maintained at 95% - 98%. NA⁺ and K⁺ concentrations were normal most of the time during perfusion but increased significantly at about 4 h. The Ca²⁺ concentration remained within the normal range at each period. Glucose levels were slightly higher than the baseline level. The pH of the perfusion solution was slightly lower at the beginning of perfusion, and then gradually increased to the normal level. The water content of brain tissue in the sub-low and docile perfusion group was 78.95% ± 0.39%, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (75.27% ± 0.55%, t = 10.49, p < 0.001), and the difference was statistically significant. Compared with the blank control group, the structure and morphology of pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex and CA1 region of the hippocampal gyrus were similar, and their integrity was better. The structural integrity of granulosa neurons was destroyed and cell edema increased in the perfusion group compared with the blank control group. Immunofluorescence staining for glail fibrillary acidic protein and Iba1, markers of glial cells, revealed well-preserved cell structures in the perfusion group. While there were indications of abnormal cellular activity, the analysis showed no significant difference in axon thickness or integrity compared to the 1-h blank control group. CONCLUSIONS Mild hypothermic machine perfusion can improve ischemia and hypoxia injury of yorkshire brain tissue caused by traumatic blood loss and delay the necrosis and apoptosis of yorkshire brain tissue by continuous oxygen supply, maintaining ion homeostasis and reducing tissue metabolism level.
Animals ; Perfusion/methods* ; Disease Models, Animal ; Brain Injuries/etiology* ; Swine ; Male ; Hypothermia, Induced/methods*

Septic shock, a prevalent critical condition in intensive care units (ICU) and a major cause of patient mortality, is fundamentally attributed to microcirculatory dysfunction. Traditional macrocirculatory parameters are often insufficiently sensitive to reflect microcirculatory status. Consequently monitoring peripheral microcirculatory function holds crucial significance for assessing disease progression and evaluating therapeutic efficacy in septic shock. The peripheral perfusion index (PPI), obtained from a standard pulse oximeter, is based on photoplethysmography (PPG). It calculates the differential absorption of red and infrared light emitted by the sensor between pulsatile arterial blood and non-pulsatile tissue, enabling real-time reflection of peripheral perfusion and thus providing non-invasive, continuous monitoring of microcirculatory function. Although often overlooked compared to other ICU monitoring parameters, PPI has demonstrated notable clinical advances in septic shock management. Specifically, in early identification, PPI combined with sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) predicts disease progression, with its dynamic changes further aiding prognosis assessment. During fluid resuscitation, it guides fluid responsiveness evaluation and serves as a therapeutic target to optimize strategies. In circulatory support, it assists in determining vasoactive drug initiation timing and dosage titration. Additionally, PPI aids mechanical ventilation weaning and organ dysfunction evaluation. This article reviews the principles, influencing factors, and clinical application advances of PPI in septic shock, aiming to provide clinicians with a basis for individualized intervention, improved patient outcomes, and the advancement of precision medicine in septic shock management.
Humans ; Shock, Septic/therapy* ; Microcirculation ; Perfusion Index ; Prognosis ; Photoplethysmography

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the efficacy of a novel artificial perfusate based on oxygen-carrying perfluoronaphthalene-albumin nanoparticles in normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) for preservation of porcine liver donation after cardiac death. METHODS: Artificial perfusate with perfluoronaphthalene-albumin nanoparticles was prepared at 5% albumin (w/v) and its oxygen carrying capacity was calculated. The livers of 16 Landrace pigs were isolated after 1 h of warm ischemia, and then they were divided into 4 groups and preserved continuously for 24 h with different preservation methods: cold preservation with UW solution (SCS group), NMP preservation by whole blood (blood NMP group), NMP preservation by artificial perfusate without nanoparticles (non-nanoparticles NMP group) and NMP preservation by artificial perfusate containing nanoparticles (nanoparticles NMP group). Hemodynamics, tissue metabolism, biochemical indices of perfusate and bile were monitored every 4 h after the beginning of NMP. Liver tissue samples were collected for histological examination (HE and TUNEL staining) before preservation, 12 h and 24 h after preservation. RESULTS: The oxygen carrying capacity of nanoparticles in 100 mL artificial perfusate was 6.94 μL/mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa). The hepatic artery and portal vein resistance of nanoparticles NMP group and blood NMP group remained stable during perfusion, and the vascular resistance of nanoparticles NMP group was lower than that of blood NMP group. The concentration of lactic acid in the perfusate decreased to the normal range within 8 h in both nanoparticles NMP group and blood NMP group. There were no significant differences in accumulated bile production, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase in perfusate between nanoparticles NMP group and blood NMP group (all P>0.05). After 24 h perfusion, the histological Suzuki score in blood NMP group and nanoparticles NMP group was lower than that in SCS group and non-nanoparticles NMP group (all P<0.05), and the quantities of TUNEL staining positive cells in blood NMP group and non-nanoparticles NMP group was higher than those in nanoparticles NMP group and SCS group 12 h and 24 h after preservation (all P<0.05). CONCLUSION Artificial perfusate based on oxygen-carrying nanoparticles can meet the oxygen supply requirements of porcine livers donation after cardiac death during NMP preservation, and it may has superiorities in improving tissue microcirculation and alleviating ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Swine ; Animals ; Liver Transplantation ; Organ Preservation ; Liver ; Perfusion ; Death ; Oxygen/metabolism*

BACKGROUND: With the extensive application of segmental lung resection in the treatment of early-stage lung cancer, how to complete segmentectomy more accurately and minimally invasively has become a research hotspot. The aim of this study is to explore the application of three-dimensional computed tomography bronchography and angiography (3D-CTBA) combined with perfusion area recognition technique in single-hole thoracoscopic complex segmentectomy. METHODS: From January 2021 to January 2022, the clinical data of 112 consecutive patients undergoing single-port thoracoscopic complex segmentectomy in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University were retrospectively analyzed. The three-dimensional reconstruction combined with perfusion area identification technique was used to perform the operation and the clinical data were analyzed. RESULTS: The average operation time was (141.1±35.4) min; the initial time of intersegmental plane display was (12.5±1.7) s; the maintenance time of intersegmental plane was (114.3±10.9) s; the intersegmental plane was clearly displayed (100%); the amount of bleeding was [10 (10, 20)] mL; the total postoperative drainage volume was (380.5±139.7) mL; the postoperative extubation time was (3.9±1.2) d; and the postoperative hospitalization time was (5.2±1.6) d. Postoperative complications occurred in 8 cases. CONCLUSIONS The advantages of 3D-CTBA combined with perfusion area recognition technique are fast, accurate and safe in identifying intersegmental boundary in single-port thoracoscopic complex segmentectomy, which could provide guidances for accuratding resection of tumors, shortening operation time and reducing surgical complications.
Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/pathology* ; Bronchography ; Pneumonectomy/methods* ; Retrospective Studies ; Thoracic Surgery, Video-Assisted/methods* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Angiography/methods* ; Perfusion

INTRODUCTION: Normal stress myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) carries a favourable prognosis. Conversely, elevated coronary artery calcium (CAC) is associated with increased major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). There is limited information on the prognosis and management of patients with elevated CAC and normal MPI. We aimed to assess the outcomes of patients with elevated CAC and normal MPI in relation to post-MPI statin use. METHODS: A retrospective review of normal MPI with CAC score >300 was performed between 1 March 2016 and 31 January 2017 in a Singapore tertiary hospital. Patients with known atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease or left ventricular ejection fraction <50% on MPI were excluded. Patient demographics, prescriptions and MACE (cardiac death, nonfatal myocardial infarction and/or ischaemic stroke) at 24 months after MPI were traced using electronic records. Binary logistic regression was used to evaluate for independent predictors of MACE. RESULTS: We included 311 patients (median age 71 years, 56.3% male), of whom 65.0% were on moderate to high-intensity statins (MHIS) after MPI. MACE was significantly lower in the post-MPI MHIS group (3.5% vs. 9.2%, P = 0.035). On univariate binary logistic regression, post-MPI MHIS use was the only significant predictor for MACE (odds ratio [OR] 0.355 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.131-0.962], P = 0.042), even after multivariate adjustment (adjusted OR 0.363, 95% confidence interval 0.134-0.984, P = 0.046). CONCLUSION Post-MPI MHIS use is associated with lower MACE and is an independent negative predictor for 24-month MACE among patients with normal MPI and CAC >300.
Humans ; Male ; Aged ; Female ; Coronary Artery Disease ; Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors ; Myocardial Perfusion Imaging/methods* ; Calcium ; Stroke Volume ; Brain Ischemia ; Risk Factors ; Ventricular Function, Left ; Stroke ; Prognosis

Objectives: To evaluate microvascular perfusion and left ventricular function in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after revascularization using myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE), and to explore clinical influencing factors of abnormal microvascular perfusion in these patients. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. The analysis was performed among patients admitted to Peking University People's Hospital for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) from June 2018 to July 2021. All patients underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and completed MCE within 48 hours after PCI. Patients were divided into normal myocardial perfusion group and abnormal perfusion group according to the myocardial perfusion score. The echocardiographic indexes within 48 hours after PCI, including peak mitral valve flow velocity (E), mean value of early diastolic velocity of left ventricular septum and lateral mitral annulus (Em), left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) and so on, were analyzed and compared between the two groups. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the influencing factors of myocardial perfusion abnormalities. Results: A total of 123 STEMI patients, aged 59±13 years with 93 (75.6%) males, were enrolled. There were 50 cases in the normal myocardial perfusion group, and 73 cases in the abnormal myocardial perfusion group. The incidence of abnormal myocardial perfusion was 59.3% (73/123). The left ventricular volume index ((62.3±18.4)ml/m² vs. (55.1±15.2)ml/m², P=0.018), wall motion score index (WMSI) (1.59 (1.44, 2.00) vs. 1.24(1.00, 1.47), P<0.001) and mitral E/Em (17.8(12.0, 24.3) vs. 12.2(9.2, 15.7), P<0.001) were significantly higher whereas left ventricular global longitudinal strain (GLS) ((-10.8±3.4)% vs. (-13.8±3.5)%, P<0.001) was significantly lower in the abnormal myocardial perfusion group than those in the normal myocardial perfusion group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that left anterior descending (LAD) as culprit vessel (OR=3.733, 95%CI 1.282-10.873, P=0.016), intraoperative no/low-reflow (OR=6.125, 95%CI 1.299-28.872, P=0.022), and peak troponin I (TnI) (OR=1.018, 95%CI 1.008-1.029, P=0.001) were independent risk factors of abnormal myocardial perfusion. As for ultrasonic indexes, deceleration time of mitral E wave (OR=0.979, 95%CI 0.965-0.993, P=0.003), mitral E/Em (OR=1.100, 95%CI 1.014-1.194, P=0.022) and WMSI (OR=7.470, 95%CI 2.630-21.222, P<0.001) were independently related to abnormal myocardial perfusion. Conclusions: The incidence of abnormal myocardial perfusion after PCI is high in patients with acute STEMI. Abnormal myocardial perfusion is related to worse left ventricular systolic and diastolic function. LAD as culprit vessel, intraoperative no/low-reflow and peak TnI are independent risk factors of abnormal myocardial perfusion.
Male ; Humans ; Female ; ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/diagnostic imaging* ; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Coronary Circulation ; Echocardiography ; Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction/etiology* ; Ventricular Function, Left ; Perfusion

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an emerging technology for real-time monitoring based on the impedance differences of different tissues and organs in the human body. It has been initially applied in clinical research as well as disease diagnosis and treatment. Lung perfusion refers to the blood flow perfusion function of lung tissue, and the occurrence and development of many diseases are closely related to lung perfusion. Therefore, real-time monitoring of lung perfusion is particularly important. The application and development of EIT further promote the monitoring of lung perfusion, and related research has made great progress. This article reviews the principles of EIT imaging, lung perfusion imaging methods, and their clinical applications in recent years, with the aim of providing assistance to clinical and scientific researchers.
Humans ; Electric Impedance ; Lung/physiology* ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Perfusion ; Tomography/methods*

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the predictors of successful weaning off extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) after extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR). METHODS: The clinical data of 56 patients with cardiac arrest who underwent ECPR in Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University) from July 2018 to September 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. According to whether ECMO was successfully weaning off, patients were divided into the successful weaning off group and the failed weaning off group. The basic data, duration of conventional cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CCPR, the time from cardiopulmonary resuscitation to ECMO), duration of ECMO, pulse pressure loss, complications, and the use of distal perfusion tube and intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) were compared between the two groups. Univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the risk factors for weaning failure of ECMO. RESULTS: Twenty-three patients (41.07%) were successfully weaned from ECMO. Compared with the successful weaning off group, patients in the failed weaning off group were older (years old: 46.7±15.6 vs. 37.8±16.8, P < 0.05), higher incidence of pulse pressure loss and ECMO complications [81.8% (27/33) vs. 21.7% (5/23), 84.8% (28/33) vs. 39.1% (9/23), both P < 0.01], and longer CCPR time (minutes: 72.3±19.5 vs. 54.4±24.6, P < 0.01), shorter duration of ECMO support (hours: 87.3±81.1 vs. 147.7±50.8, P < 0.01), and worse improvement in arterial blood pH and lactic acid (Lac) levels after ECPR support [pH: 7.1±0.1 vs. 7.3±0.1, Lac (mmol/L): 12.6±2.4 vs. 8.9±2.1, both P < 0.01]. There were no significant differences in the utilization rate of distal perfusion tube and IABP between the two groups. Univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the factors affecting the weaning off ECMO of ECPR patients were pulse pressure loss, ECMO complications, arterial blood pH and Lac after installation [pulse pressure loss: odds ratio (OR) = 3.37, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 1.39-8.17, P = 0.007; ECMO complications: OR = 2.88, 95%CI was 1.11-7.45, P = 0.030; pH after installation: OR = 0.01, 95%CI was 0.00-0.16, P = 0.002; Lac after installation: OR = 1.21, 95%CI was 1.06-1.37, P = 0.003]. After adjusting for the effects of age, gender, ECMO complications, arterial blood pH and Lac after installation, and CCPR time, showed that pulse pressure loss was an independent predictor of weaning failure in ECPR patients (OR = 1.27, 95%CI was 1.01-1.61, P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS Early loss of pulse pressure after ECPR is an independent predictor of failed weaning off ECMO in ECPR patients. Strengthening hemodynamic monitoring and management after ECPR is very important for the successful weaning off ECMO in ECPR.
Humans ; Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation ; Blood Pressure ; Retrospective Studies ; Perfusion ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

OBJECTIVE: To observe the correlation between the four limbs perfusion index (PI) and blood lactic acid in patients with neurosis, and evaluate the predictive value of PI on microcirculation perfusion metabolic disorder in patients with neurosis. METHODS: A prospective observational study was conducted. Adult patients admitted to the department of neurological intensive care unit (NICU) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from July 1 to August 20 in 2020 were enrolled. Under the condition of indoor temperature controlled at 25 centigrade, all patients were placed in the supine position, and the blood pressure, heart rate, PI of both fingers and thumb toes and arterial blood lactic acid were measured within 24 hours and 24-48 hours after NICU. The difference of four limbs PI at different time periods and its correlation with lactic acid were compared. Receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) was used to evaluate the predictive value of four limbs PI on patients with microcirculatory perfusion metabolic disorder. RESULTS: A total of 44 patients with neurosis were enrolled, including 28 males and 16 females; average age (61.2±16.5) years old. There were no significant differences in PI of the left index finger and the right index finger [2.57 (1.44, 4.79) vs. 2.70 (1.25, 5.33)], PI of the left toe and the right toe [2.09 (0.85, 4.76) vs. 1.88 (0.74, 4.32)] within 24 hours after entering the NICU, and the PI of the left index finger and the right index finger [3.17 (1.49, 5.07) vs. 3.14 (1.33, 5.36)], PI of the left toe and the right toe [2.07 (0.75, 5.20) vs. 2.07 (0.68, 4.67)] at 24-48 hours after NICU admission (all P > 0.05). However, compared to the PI of the upper and lower limbs on the same side, except for the 24-48 hours after ICU of the PI difference between the left index finger and the left toe (P > 0.05), the PI of the toe was lower than that of the index finger at the other time periods (all P < 0.05). The correlation analysis showed that the PI value of four limbs of patients in both time periods were significantly negatively correlated with arterial blood lactic acid (the r values of the left index finger, the right index finger, the left toe and the right toe were -0.549, -0.482, -0.392 and -0.343 respectively within 24 hours after entering the NICU; the r values of the left index finger, the right index finger, the left toe and the right toe were -0.331, -0.292, -0.402 and -0.442 respectively after entering the NICU 24-48 hours, all P < 0.05). Taking lactic acid ≥ 2 mmol/L as the diagnostic standard for metabolic disorder of microcirculation perfusion (total 27 times, accounting for 30.7%). The efficacy of four limbs PI in predicting microcirculation perfusion metabolic disorder were compared. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of left index finger, right index finger, left toe and right toe predicting microcirculation perfusion metabolic disorder were 0.729 (0.609-0.850), 0.767 (0.662-0.871), 0.722 (0.609-0.835), 0.718 (0.593-0.842), respectively. There was no significant difference in AUC compare with each other (all P > 0.05). The cut-off value of PI of right index finger for predicting microcirculation perfusion metabolic disorder was 2.46, the sensitivity was 70.4%, the specificity was 75.4%, the positive likelihood ratio was 2.86, and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.30. CONCLUSIONS There are no significant differences in PI of bilateral index fingers, bilateral toes in patients with neurosis. However, unilateral upper and lower limbs showed lower PI in the toe than in the index finger. There is a significantly negatively correlation between PI and arterial blood lactic acid in all four limbs. PI can predict the metabolic disorder of microcirculation perfusion, and its cut-off value is 2.46.
Adult ; Female ; Male ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Lactic Acid ; Microcirculation ; Perfusion Index ; Lower Extremity ; Area Under Curve ; Nervous System Diseases

Objective: To evaluate the predictive value of the proportion of hibernating myocardium (HM) in total perfusion defect (TPD) on reverse left ventricle remodeling (RR) after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) by ^99mTc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile (MIBI) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) combined with ¹⁸F-flurodeoxyglucose (FDG) gated myocardial imaging positron emission computed tomography (PET). Methods: Inpatients diagnosed with HFrEF at the Cardiac Surgery Center, Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University from January 2016 to January 2022 were prospectively recruited. MPI combined with ¹⁸F-FDG gated PET was performed before surgery for viability assessment and the patients received follow-up MPI and ¹⁸F-FDG gated PET at different stages (3-12 months) after surgery. Δ indicated changes (post-pre). Left ventricular end-systolic volume (ESV) reduced at least 10% was defined as RR, patients were divided into reverse remodeling (RR+) group and the non-reverse group (RR-). Binary logistic regression analysis was used to identify predictors of RR. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated to assess the cut-off value for predicting RR. Additionally, we retrospectively enrolled inpatients with HFrEF at the Cardiac Surgery Center, Anzhen Hospital of Capital Medical University from January 2021 to January 2022 as the validation group, who underwent MPI and ¹⁸F-FDG gated PET before surgery. Echocardiography was performed before CABG and after CABG (3-12 months). In the validation group, the reliability of obtaining the cut-off value for the ROC curve was verified. Results: A total of 28 patients with HFrEF (26 males; age (56.9±8.7) years) were included in the prospective cohort. HM/TPD was significantly higher in the RR+ group than in the RR- group ((51.8%±17.9%) vs. (35.7%±13.9%), P=0.016). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that HM/TPD was an independent predictor of RR (Odds ratio=1.073, 95% Confidence interval: 1.005-1.145, P=0.035). ROC curve analysis revealed that HM/TPD=38.3% yielded the highest sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy (all 75%) for predicting RR and the AUC was 0.786 (P=0.011). Meanwhile, a total of 100 patients with HFrEF (90 males; age (59.7±9.6) years) were included in the validation group. In the validation group, HM/TPD=38.3% predicted RR in HFrEF patients after CABG with the highest sensitivity, specificity and accuracy (82%, 60% and 73% respectively). Compared with the HFrEF patients in the HM/TPD<38.3% group (n=36), RR and cardiac function improved more significantly in the HM/TPD≥38.3% group (n=64) (all P<0.05). Conclusions: Preoperative HM/TPD ratio is an independent factor for predicting RR in patients with HFrEF after CABG, and HM/TPD≥38.3% can accurately predict RR and the improvement of cardiac function after CABG.
Male ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Aged ; Stroke Volume ; Heart Failure ; Fluorodeoxyglucose F18 ; Retrospective Studies ; Reproducibility of Results ; Prospective Studies ; Coronary Artery Bypass ; Ventricular Dysfunction, Left ; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon ; Perfusion ; Myocardium