Most textbooks describe the brachialis muscle is innervated by the musculocutaneous and radial nerves. This study was performed to clarify the incidence and morphology of the branch of the radial nerve to the brachialis muscle. Eighty sides of 40 adult Korean cadavers were used in this study. The incidence of the radial nerve to the brachialis muscle was 75% of 80 sides and the radial nerve was innervated bilaterally in 65% (26 sides). The number of the branch arising from the radial nerve was one (65%), two (31.7%) or three (3.3%). The average distance from the lateral epicondyle to the branch arising from the radial nerve was 68.5 mm (range: 4 ~126 mm). The brachialis muscle received a branch from radial nerve, through a descending branch (58.5%), a transverse branch (26.8%) or an ascending branch (14.6%). A branch of the radial nerve was usually divided into one or two branches (79.3%) before piecing the brachialis muscle. The average distance from the lateral epicondyle to the perforating point of the branch was 52.4 mm (range: 3 ~123 mm). The branch of the radial nerve penetrated inferior and middle third of the brachialis muscle in 44.2% and 53.2% respectively.
Adult ; Cadaver ; Humans ; Incidence ; Radial Nerve*

The shape of the thyroid gland was similarly described in many anatomical text books, but we observed that the shape of the thyroid gland was very diverse in the dissecting room. This study was performed to clarify the morphologic characteristics of the thyroid gland in Koreans. One hundred sixty eight Korean adult cadavers were used for this study. It was 57.1% that the size and the location of both lobes were symmetric. The frequency of the existence of the Pyramidal lobe was 76.8%. The pyramidal lobe located in the left, right, and middle of the isthmus were 48.8%, 26.4%, and 21.7% respectively. And the pyramidal lobes located in the both sides of the isthmus were 3.1% of the cases. The thyroid gland was classified into six types. Type I in which the thyroid gland had the classical H shape and the relatively wide isthmus was observed in 31.5%. Type II in which the thyroid isthmus could be distinguished but the distance between two lobes was very short was found in 28.0%. In type III, the inferior margins of the isthmus and the lateral lobes made a straight line (29.2%). In type IV, two lateral lobes of the thyroid gland were directly fused and the isthmus was not distinguished (5.4%). In type V, the thyroid gland had no isthmus and the lateral lobes were separated (3.0%). Type VI was not belonged to five types because of its irregular shape (3.0%). The incidence of the classical thyroid gland described in the text books was 12.5% in Korean adults.
Adult* ; Cadaver ; Humans ; Incidence ; Thyroid Gland*

This study was performed to investigate the anatomical features of vertebral artery between the atlas and the axis. For this, we examined four angles (angle I, angle II, angle III and angle IV) to identify tortuosity of vertebral artery and diameter between the atlas and the axis. Materials used in this study were 93 vertebral arteries obtained from 48 adult Korean cadavers (34 males, 14 females) ranging from 18 to 90 years in age. On the anterior view, the vertebral artery relatively ascended vertically from C6 to the axis and then laterally passed through the foramen transversarium (FT) of the axis. The average of this angle I was 83.3 degree. The average of the right and left sides of this angle I were 84.7 degree and 82.0 degree, respectively. The average of angle I (95.4 degree) in female was larger than that (80.5 degree) of male. The artery passed through the FT of the axis turned to the superior direction. The average of this angle II was 95.9 degree. The right and left sides of the angle II were 97.8 degree and 93.8 degree, respectively. As the angle I, the average of angle II (110.6 degree) in female was larger than that of angle II (93.1 degree) in male. On the lateral view, the vertebral artery relatively ascended vertically from C6 to the axis and then posteriorly passed through the FT of the axis. The average of this angle III was 71.3 degree. The artery passed through the FT of the axis turned to the superior direction. The average of this angle IV was 87.3 degree. In angle III and angle IV, the average of angle in female were larger than that of male. These results show that female has greater tortuosity than male. The average diameter of the vertebral artery was 3.7 mm and the average diameter of right and left are 3.5 mm and 4.0 mm, respectively. In 76% of the total, left vertebral artery diameter was larger than that of the right.
Adult ; Arteries ; Axis, Cervical Vertebra* ; Cadaver ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Vertebral Artery*

The purpose of the present study was focused the anthropometric charateristics of normal Korean eyes, including inclination, height, width, epicanthus and upper eyelid crease. The author measured normal eyes and investigated incidence of epicanthal fold and upper eyelid crease in 774 males and 658 females with photographs. The epicanthus were classified by three types and the upper eyelid crease were classified by four types. The angle of inclination of eyes was larger in females than males and in young ages than old ages. Incidence of the slanting eye over 10 degree was 34.1 % in males and 41.0% in females. Incidence of the epicanthal fold was 57.0%, and there was no difference between males and females. The most common type of the epicanthal fold was type I. Incidence of the upper eyelid crease was 30.9% in males, 47.2% in females. The most common type of the upper eyelid crease was parallel (or floating) type. In conclusion, the anthropometric characteristics of normal Korean or oriental eyes are apart each other and slanting eyes in addition to puffy eyelid, narrow palpebral fissure, presence of epicanthal fold and absence of upper eyelid crease.
Eyelids ; Female ; Humans ; Incidence ; Male

According to the electromyographic study, the superior and inferior heads of lateral pterygoid, one of the masticatory muscles, are known to perform the reciprocal actions in mandibular movements; the superior head is active in closing movement, whereas the inferior head is active in opening of the jaw. Through these two reciprocal actions of these two heads, the articular disk of TMJ is seated in its resting position. Many reports regarded the superior and inferior heads of the lateral pterygoid as functionally independent muscles, but from a morphological point of view, the origin of the independent nerve innervation and intramuscular branching patterns of the mandibular nerve are unclear. Twenty -four adult hemi -sectioned heads were dissected to clarify the topography of the nerve distribution on two heads of lateral pterygoid and also to determine the anatomico -clinical relevance related with temporomandibular disorder. Most buccal nerves were found to run between the superior and inferior heads of the lateral pterygoid (21 cases, 87.5 %). In 3 cases, buccal nerves passed through the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid (12.5%). In front of the ascending ramus region, most buccal nerves ran in front of the temporalis without being entrapped within the temporalis (16 cases, 66.7%). However, in 8 cases buccal nerve passed in front of the temporalis being entrapped within the anterior fiber of the temporalis (33.3%). In this study, the mandibular nerve trunk was located intimately to the lateral pterygoid. Both heads of the lateral pterygoid muscles were innervated from the mandibular nerve branches, but the patterns of nerve distribution were various. Nerves innervated to the superior head of the lateral pterygoid had different origin. Only in 45.8% (11 cases), they originated from the buccal nerve. In 16.7% (4 cases) the nerve branches originated from the anterior deep temporal nerve only, and in 12.5% (3 cases) from the buccal and anterior deep temporal nerve. In contrast, nerves innervated to inferior head of the lateral pterygoid showed different pattern of distribution. In 58.3 %, nerves distributed on the inferior head originated from both the buccal and mandibular nerve trunk. In 20.8%, they originated from the buccal nerve only, in 12.5% from the mandibular nerve trunk only. In seven categories of the distribution of mandibular nerve branches, in only 20.8% (5 cases), both the superior and inferior heads of the lateral pterygoid had the common source of nerve innervation, the buccal nerve. In contrast, in 45.9% (11 cases) additional nerve twigs from the mandibular nerve trunk were distributed on the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Author observed the pterygoid loop (ansa pterygoidea) located between the mandibular nerve trunk and the nerve innervating to the lateral pterygoid in 4 cases. In addition, the intramuscular nerve loop within the inferior head of lateral pterygoid was observed in 5 cases. Summarizing these results, besides the buccal nerve mentioned in an anatomical textbook, nerve twigs originating directly from the mandibular nerve trunk innervated to the lateral pterygoid and the ones originating from the anterior and middle deep temporal nerves distributed on the lateral pterygoid muscle in various manners. Considering the various patterns of nerve distribution on the lateral pterygoid, author concluded that the two heads of the lateral pterygoid are controlled by independent innervation. Furthermore, we found out that nerve entrapments and nerve communications are related with symptoms of temporomandibular disorder and with possible collateral route of motor innervation to the facial expression muscles, respectively.
Adult ; Facial Expression ; Head ; Humans ; Jaw ; Mandibular Nerve* ; Masticatory Muscles ; Muscles ; Nerve Compression Syndromes ; Pterygoid Muscles* ; Temporomandibular Joint ; Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

During cadaver dissection at Chungnam National University in year 2001, we found a case of horseshoe kidney. The characteristic findings of this kidney were as follows; 1. Horseshoe kidney was located at the level of 12th thoracic vertebra and 4th lumbar vertebra, and its isthmus was located at the level of 3rd lumbar vertebra, just below inferior mesenteric artery. The upper pole of the right kidney was 11 mm higherthan that of left kidney. 2. Both renal arteries originated normally from the abdominal aorta below superior mesenteric artery and divided into 2 branches at the front of the renal hilum. The lower branches entered normally into the renal hilum respectively, but, 2 upper branches of right renal artery and 3 upper branches of left renal artery entered into the upper segment of both kidneys respectively. 3. The 2 accessory renal arteries were found. One was the branch of the median sacral artery, which asended anterior to the bifurcation of abdominal aorta and divided 2 branches, of which larger right branch entered inferior pole of right kidney and smaller left branch entered into the isthmus. The other was originated from abdominal aorta 1/3 distance from the origin of inferior mesenteric artery to the bifurcation of abdominal aorta, and entered into the posteroinferior part of left kidney. 4. There were additional 2~3 minor calyces in the lower part of the both kidneys in frontal section, which formed a major calyx draining into the renal pelvis. Parenchymal tissues of both kidneys were continuous through isthmus. In frontal section, renal pyramids were twice in number, and arranged into 2 groups at the upper and lower parts of the both kidneys. Especially, one renal pyramid laid transversely in the isthmus and the renal papilla of it opened into the minor calys of left kidney. It is thought that this horseshoe kidney might be resulted from the elongation of a ureteric bud, which induced new broad -field nephron within the metanephric blastema, and formed a group of additional renal pyramids. The additional renal pyramids formed slight later than normal period, and the separation of both kidneys should be failed and resulted horseshoe kidney. During ascent of kidney, the inferior mesenteric artery interrupted upward migration. It can be concluded that the error of reciprocal induction between ureteric bud and metanephric mesenchyme may be an important mechanism of horseshoe kidney formation.
Aorta, Abdominal ; Arteries ; Cadaver ; Chungcheongnam-do ; Kidney Pelvis ; Kidney* ; Mesenteric Artery, Inferior ; Mesenteric Artery, Superior ; Mesoderm ; Nephrons ; Renal Artery ; Spine ; Ureter

Selection of the surgical procedure for Hallux Valgus is decided after variable factors including radiologic indices were considered. Among them, congruency of the first metatarsophalangeal [MTP] joint is important factor to get the better prognosis. Articular surface angle of first metatarsal head [AAMH] has been used to substituted for first MTP joint congruency. But there had been questions whatever that the value of AAMH measured radiologically equal to real angle in surgical field. The purpose of this article is to compare clinically used radiologic angle of AAMH to real anatomical angle in patients operated by. From march to october 1998, among the 75 patients operated by surgical method (Proximal Chevron), measures anatomical AAMH of 25 volunteer at random. Average age was 46.4 yrs old, ratio of the sample is Right : Left = 9 : 16. The radiologic AAMH measured by AOFAS (American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society) research committee method 1992 in the weight bearing foot AP film. The actual AAMH is measured directly in the operative field. After the capsular incision had done, first metatarsal head was dislocated totally. K -wire was inserted to articular dome of the metatasal head from medial to lateral, The transverse axial plane of K -wire is parallel to plantigrade foot position. Afterthen, printed image was taken using portable image intensifier. Average radiologic value of metatarsal head was 16.8 degree, real value was 23.52 degree. In general, real angle was bigger than radiologic angle. In the 20% of cases, radiologic angle was bigger than real angle. With paired t -test, there was no correlations in each angles (p>0.01). Conclusion; The average real AAMH measured in surgical field was 23.1degree. There was no statistic correlations between the angles radiologically and anatomically. therefore, We conclude that the angle of distal metatarsal articular surface measured radiologically has not the clinical significance to know articular congruency. Consequently We suggested the three dimensional study to know the real angle of articular surface of first metatarsal head clinically as alternative method.
Ankle ; Foot ; Hallux Valgus ; Head ; Humans ; Joints ; Metatarsal Bones* ; Orthopedics ; Prognosis ; Volunteers ; Weight-Bearing

X -ray irradiation induces various congenital anomalies in the human fetuses and experimental animals. The action mechanism of teratogenesis, however, still not known completely. Furthermore, the dynamics of teratogenesis according to the developmental stages are so great that complete unveiling the teratogenic action mechanism of radiation is nearly impossible. And, it is necessary to make the experimental model for the study on the damages caused by electromagnetic field, recently. In this study, the Sprague -Dawley rats were irradiated 2 Gy once on the GD 10.7, and observed the congenital anomalies of the fetuses on GD 17.5, grossly and light microscopically. The results were as follows ; 1. There was no significant difference in the survival rate between control and irradiated groups. However, mean body weight of the experimental group decreased significantly compared to control group. 2. X -irradiation -induced congenital anomalies were eye anomalies such as unilateral and/or bilateral anophthalmia, microphthalmia, and aphakia, hemorrhagic plaques on the head, tail anomalies such as short tail and curved tail, and posterior limb anomalies. 3. Posterior limb anomalies were all ecrodactyly, such as 4 -digit anomaly, 3 -digit anomaly, and cleft foot. In the sidedness of anomalies, right side showed greater dominance than left.
Animals ; Anophthalmos ; Aphakia ; Body Weight ; Electromagnetic Fields ; Extremities ; Fetus* ; Foot ; Head ; Humans ; Microphthalmos ; Models, Theoretical ; Rats* ; Survival Rate ; Tail ; Teratogenesis

This research is a study about constitutional diagnosis through the external appearances. Especialy it is for finding shape differences of the upper -face pictures of moire, according to the Sa -sang constitution. We have collected 113 cases of patients of the Sasang Constitutional Department, including employees of the Kyung -Hee Medical Center and took pictures of moire of upper face and measured 50 points. We analyzed shape differences of the upper face according to the Sasang constitution. Analysing the moire of upper face, the characteristics according to sasang constitution presented. Soyangin had a projected part of left upper face compared with taeumin and soeumin, and taeumin had a projected part of right upper face. With the image of moire, the characteristics of upper face according to sasang constitution was found.
Constitution and Bylaws* ; Diagnosis ; Humans

The anatomical description and the relationship between the root apex and the inferior wall of sinus are critical in diagnoses and surgeries of the sinus pathoses, and in dental implantation. So, identification of the proximity between the root apex and the inferior wall of sinus and the clarification of cortical thickness of inferior wall of sinus are indicated the topography of spreading dental infection into the maxillary sinus. Therefore, anatomical knowledge of the topography between the root apex and the inferior wall maxillary sinus are important in the diagnosis and treatment planning of the dental implantation, endodontic procedures, and orthodontic treatment. The purposes of this study were to clarify the morphological and clinical characteristics of the maxillary sinus, especially the inferior wall of sinus in Korean, and to identify the relationship between the inferior wall of maxillary sinus and the roots of maxillary teeth. 24 sides of maxillae of the hemi -sectioned Korean heads were used in this study. All specimens were taken DentaScan reformatted cross -sectional images were taken for the radiographic evaluation of the maxillary teeth and inferior wall of maxillary sinus. All specimens were decalcificated and thenp were sectioned coronally. On the sectioned specimen, 21 metric items were measured using the image analyzing system. The results were as follows: 1. The distance between the each root apex and the inferior wall of maxillary sinus were measured. In the 2nd molar area the distance from the root apex to the inferior wall of sinus was the shortest and the longest in the 1st premolar area. 2. The thickness of the cortical plate of the inferior wall of maxillary sinus was thinnest in the 1st premolar area, whereas, the thickest in the 2nd premolar area. 3. The vertical relationship between the inferior wall and the roots of the maxillary molars was classified into 5 types. Type I (the inferior wall of sinus was located above the level connecting the buccal and lingual root apices) was predominant (54.5% in the 1st molar area, 52.4% in the 2nd molar area). 4. The horizontal relationship between the inferior wall of sinus and root apex were classified into 3 types. Type 2 (the alveolar recess of the inferior wall of sinus was located between the buccal and lingual roots) was predominant (80% in the 1st and 2nd molar area). Taken all together, this study demonstrated various anatomical characteristics and relationships between the maxillary sinus and their surrounding structures. Recognition of these findings may have an impact on the clinical management of patients.
Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Bicuspid ; Dental Implantation ; Dental Implants ; Diagnosis ; Head ; Humans ; Maxilla ; Maxillary Sinus* ; Molar ; Tooth