PURPOSE: Many patients have fear for surgery owing to the injection of lidocaine and the possible pain in the course of the operation. To resolve such a problem the cases to do plastic surgery with monitored anesthetic care are increasing, in which something like sedatives is injected into vein without endotracheal intubation and under voluntary respiration, but the usage is now under the controversy. METHODS: There were 25 patients who had surgery with local anesthesia, and another 25 patients who had surgery with monitored anesthetic care which belongs to ASA class 1 and 2 from January to April, 2009. Their anesthesia records were collected and surveys were given before and after the surgery and the surgery staff recorded OAA/S during the surgery. The postoperative surveys included the awakening during the surgery, pain, anxiety, and the degree of patient's satisfaction through visual analogue scale to identify the difference between the two methods. RESULTS: The OAA/S results according to time lapse show that it is possible to lead a fast effective sedation and recovery with monitored anesthetic care, and monitored anesthetic care enhances both surgeon's convenience level and patient's satisfaction level, and reduces awakening, pain, and anxiety, compared to local anesthesia. CONCLUSION: The current paper shows about the plastic surgery, particularly the outpatient surgery, when monitored anesthetic care method is applied, it could gain a fast sedation and recovery or an effective sedation of patients. The method also has some affirmative effects in regard with surgeon's convenience and the patients' satisfaction degree and the reduction of their awakening, pain, and anxiety. With careful and adequate watch on the measures about vital signs like electrocardiogram, the degree of oxygen saturation, and blood pressure, it could clinically be very useful.
Ambulatory Surgical Procedures ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesia, Local ; Anxiety ; Blood Pressure ; Electrocardiography ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; Intubation, Intratracheal ; Ketamine ; Lidocaine ; Oxygen ; Propofol ; Respiration ; Surgery, Plastic ; Veins ; Vital Signs

PURPOSE: Currently, soft tissue filler products based on hyaluronic acid are widely used. They are safe, effective, and convenient to use compared with bovine collagens. However, all commercially available hyaluronic acid based fillers in Korea are imported ones. The purpose of this study is to evaluate efficacy of a new hyaluronic acid filler (HyaFilia; CHA bio&Diostech Co., Seoul), which has been recently developed in Korea. METHODS: Three kinds of soft tissue fillers, including Restylane(Q-Med, Uppsala, Sweden), HyaFilia(CHA bio & Diostech Co., Seoul), Juvederm(Allergan, CA, USA), were injected subdermally into the back of hairless mice at six sites. The 2 cephalic sites composed Restylane groups, the 2 middle sites HyaFilia groups, and the 2 caudal sites Juvederm groups. Six hairless mice were included in the study, therefore, a total of 12 injections per group were performed. After 16 weeks after injection, the nodular swellings that resulted from the injections were excised wide enough to include skin beyond the swelling points down to the panniculus carnosus layer using 8mm punches. Volumes and weights were measured using a stereoimage optical topometer system and a weighting machine. Histologic comparisons were also carried out. RESULTS: The mean volumes of the Restylane, HyaFilia and Juvederm groups were 3698 x 103, 4820 x 103, and 1435 x 103 PI, respectively. The mean weights of the Restylane, HyaFilia and Juvederm groups were 36.08, 37.83, and 24.66mg, respectively. Histologic examination between the 3 groups showed no significant difference in tissue compositions and inflammatory reactions. CONCLUSION: The results of this study shows that HyaFilia is superior to Restylane and Juvederm in longavity of filling effect. Therefore, HyaFilia may be an effective replacement for the imported materials including Restylane and Juvederm.
Animals ; Collagen ; Hyaluronic Acid ; Korea ; Mice ; Mice, Hairless ; Skin ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: To correct breast ptosis, reduction mammoplasty and mastopexy have been developed in a way that minimizes complications. Recently, as the mean age of breast cancer occurrence is decreasing, the need for breast reconstruction in patients with breast cancer is rising. If mastopexy is performed with breast reconstruction at the same time, the size of the normal breast and the new one is not quite different. We decided to apply Z-plasty, which is a widely-used technique in plastic surgery to lengthen or change the direction of tension of the tissue. METHODS: From March 2008 to December 2009, we performed breast reconstruction in 6 patients with breast cancer and scar contracture. After breast reconstruction, mastopexy with Z-plasty was applied to correct the asymmetry. The new nipple-areolar complex is placed on the line connecting the midclavicle and the current nipple. The inferior border of the new areola corresponds with the inferior border of the original areola, and the superior border about 2 cm upward the original superior border. We drew two oblique lines connecting the medial end of the incision line lower to the nipple-areola complex and the lateral end of the inframammary fold for Z-plasty. The excess tissue between these two lines was removed and the new triangular flaps were put together. RESULTS: The average age of patients was 42.6 years, aged from 36.1 to 48.1 The weight of removed tissue was between 54g and 95 g, with the mean of 74 g. The average distance from the midclavicle to the nipple was 24 cm before surgery, and 21 cm after the surgery. The average operation time per patient (1 mastopexy) was 45 minutes, and the patients were satisfied with the size and shape. CONCLUSION: Applying Z-plasty for the mastopexy on the normal breast ptosis is a relatively simple way to achieve symmetry in patients who need breast reconstruction.
Aged ; Breast ; Breast Neoplasms ; Cicatrix ; Contracture ; Female ; Humans ; Mammaplasty ; Nipples ; Surgery, Plastic

PURPOSE: A number of flap for nipple reconstruction have been well described in the literature. However, most of these techniques do not permit the reconstruction of a projecting nipple and all are hampered to some extent by long-term loss of nipple projection. The objective of this study is to evaluate the long-term result and clinical efficacy of nipple reconstruction using skate flap technique after breast reconstruction. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was carried out on 23 patients who underwent 25 nipple reconstructions. In those patients with greater than 10 mm nipple projection, reconstruction with skate flap and full-thickness skin graft and/or tattooing was performed. Maintenance of nipple projection was then carefully assessed over one-year follow-up. The following factors were analyzed: type of breast reconstruction, type of areola reconstruction, follow-up period, decrease in nipple projection, complication, and whether secondary nipple reconstruction was necessary and/or performed. RESULTS: Breast reconstructions were performed in 17 patients with free transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap, 3 patients with extended latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap, and 3 patients with expander and implant. The mean follow-up after nipple reconstruction was 17 months. Mean loss of projection were 17.0 +/- 13.99%, 25.0 +/- 12.70%, 30.0 +/- 12.57% and 30.8 +/- 12.49% at 3, 6, 9 months and over one year, respectively. The greatest decrease in projection was noted in the first 3 months following surgery. CONCLUSION: These results indicated that nipple reconstruction with skate flap showed about 70 percent of the projection achieved over one year postoperation. Therefore, the skate flap may be a reliable method of nipple reconstruction in those patients with greater than 10 mm nipple projection.
Breast ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mammaplasty ; Nipples ; Rectus Abdominis ; Retrospective Studies ; Skin ; Tattooing ; Transplants

PURPOSE: Subungual tumors are a common cause of nail plate deformity, and may be caused by fibrokeratoma, Koene's tumor and glomus tumors. Neurofibromas, either as part of neurofibromatosis or as a solitary tumor are exceptionally rare in the digits. METHODS: A 44-year-old man presented with painless onychodystrophy and nail plate elevation of the right thumb due to a small subungual mass that had started growing 3 years ago. Sensory evaluation of the distal phalanx was normal, and no discoloration nor infection signs were seen. The nail plate was extracted under local anesthesia, and the mass was delicately removed without injury to the nail bed. The nail matrix was repaired with primary closure. RESULTS: Histopathology shows a well circumscribed, cellular tumor with myxoid stroma. Tumor cells were S-100 protein positive, and the patient was diagnosed with myxoid neurofibroma. There has been no sign of recurrence to date, 14 months after the operation. CONCLUSION: Presentation of cutaneous neurofibromas in the digits is an uncommon finding. They may occur as a manifestation of neurofibromatosis or as a solitary tumor. Subungual neurofibromas are exceptionally rare. To our knowledge, there are only ten reports of solitary subungual neurofibroma unrelated to neurofibromatosis to date. We report a rare case of solitary subungual myxoid neurofibroma of the thumb, that was treated through total excision, with preservation of the nail matrix.
Adult ; Anesthesia, Local ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Glomus Tumor ; Humans ; Nail Diseases ; Nails ; Neurofibroma ; Neurofibromatoses ; Recurrence ; S100 Proteins ; Thumb

PURPOSE: The injection of various materials, including medical fillers and unregulated products, is widespread, potentially causing the development of foreign body granulomas. Should this occur on the nose, the contour deformity and inflammatory signs that result from these granulomas are aesthetically undesirable to patients. The purpose of our study is to share our experiences using different surgical approaches, depending on the affected portion of the nose, to optimize management of this challenging problem and to evaluate patient's satisfaction using our in-house questionnaire along with degree of improvement by two independent plastic surgeons. METHODS: We treated 18 patients who underwent surgical excision of nasal foreign body granulomas via a perilesional approach to the lesion (n=12) or by transcolumellar incision (n=6) at our hospital over a period of seven years from March 2003 to October 2010. Nonparametric statistics were used and are presented as medians (25th-75th). Patient satisfaction was evaluated on a scale of 1 to 5 using an in-house questionnaire. All pre-and post-operative photographs were analyzed by two independent plastic surgeons. Post-operative outcomes were evaluated based on the surgeons' consensus ratings. RESULTS: All patients receiving the transcolumellar approach reported a high level of satisfaction with the results. All but two patients who received the perilesional approach were satisfied with the outcome. No outcomes were rated as no change or worse by the consensus ratings. CONCLUSION: For the upper two-thirds of the nose, perilesional surgical excision can lead to substantial patient satisfaction with modified contour deformity and infection control. The transcolumellar approach resulted in better outcomes and patient satisfaction for the lower one-third of the nose.
Congenital Abnormalities ; Consensus ; Foreign Bodies ; Granuloma ; Granuloma, Foreign-Body ; Humans ; Infection Control ; Nose ; Paraffin ; Patient Satisfaction ; Surveys and Questionnaires

PURPOSE: To correct the upper lip depression after the correction of unilateral cleft lip, autologous grafts such as bone, dermal, fascial grafts and fat injections or alloplastic implants are used. Transplanted bones, dermis and fascia have a tendency to be absorbed and have donor morbidity. Fat injections are absorbed inconsistently and alloplastic implants have problems such as foreign body reactions, protrusions and infections. Authors corrected the upper lip depression using conchal cartilage graft in unilateral cleft lip deformity and the results was analysed with photos. METHODS: 26-unilateral cleft lip and 2-microform cleft lip cases, totally 28 cases were performed. Their mean age was 21.89 years. The male and female cases were 12 and 16, respectivley. Under anesthesia (general: 18 cases and local: 10 cases), cavum conchae (n=8), cymba conchae (n=16) and whole conchae (n=4) were harvested. Transversely cut the margin of the obtained cartilage, we cut out the most bent portion and put a partial-thickness incision on concave surface in cases of excessive convexity. Then, we performed the onlay graft of the conchal cartilage via scar revision site in unilateral cleft lip and via the reconstruction site of the cupid bow in microform cleft lip. The augmentation of the upper lip was evaluated with photos. Adapting the baseline connecting between the both cheilions as a horizontal standard line, we measured the highest point among the tangents between the upper lip and nose (point a), the lowest point (point c), the middle point between a and c (point b) and the vertical line from the alare (point d) to the horizontal standard line. To assess the postoperative symmetry, we compared cleft side upper lip contour index (%) A,B,C,D=(a,b,c,d)-ch x 100/(ch-ch) and non-cleft side upper lip contour index (%) A',B',C',D'= (a',b',c',d')-ch x 100 / (ch-ch).h) RESULTS: After the surgery, no complication was found except in one case which double layers graft performed in the cleft lip deformity, the lateral portion was protruded. The upper lip contour index, the difference of A and A' were-0.83%, and thus the mild depression was persisted. Difference of B and B', C and C', D and D' were 0.83%, 1.07%, 0.90%. There were statistically significant difference, and thus the depression of upper lip were improved generally. CONCLUSION: Authors performed the onlay graft of the conchal cartilage in unilateral cleft lip deformity and found that the depression of the upper lip was well corrected except the uppermost part when photogrammetrically analyzed.
Anesthesia ; Cartilage ; Cicatrix ; Cleft Lip ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Depression ; Dermis ; Fascia ; Female ; Foreign Bodies ; Humans ; Inlays ; Lip ; Male ; Microfilming ; Nose ; Tissue Donors ; Transplants

PURPOSE: In patients with unilateral cleft lip and nose deformity, alar retraction is commonly seen on the non-cleft side after cleft side is corrected. Spacer graft was used to drag down the inferior border of the alar cartilage of the non-cleft side so as to match the cleft side. By performing spacer graft and septal extension graft together, symmetry and cosmetic improvements were achieved. METHODS: Seven unilateral cleft lip and nose deformity patients underwent surgery for alar retraction correction. The median age was 24 years (ranged from 15 to 34 years), and the median follow-up period was 7.4 months (ranged from 6 to 12 months). The perpendicular length from the longitudinal axis of the nostril to the alar rim, the nasolabial angle and the ala-labial angle were measured in the lateral view photo. The longest perpendicular length from the cephalic border of the alar rim to the parallel line of the alar base was measured in the frontal view photo. RESULTS: Improvement in alar retraction was seen after the surgery. There were no specific complications during the follow-up and the symmetry of both nostrils was satisfactory. No increase in the nasolabial angle or exposure of the nostrils was seen after the tip projection via tip plasty. CONCLUSION: The fundamental factor in correcting alar retraction with secondary cleft lip and nose deformity is repositioning the alar rim with spacer graft, which seems to be more physiologic than other methods. The method combining spacer graft with septal extension graft will bring symmetry as well as more cosmetic improvement in correction of alar retraction with secondary cleft lip and nose deformity.
Axis, Cervical Vertebra ; Cartilage ; Cleft Lip ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Cosmetics ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Nose ; Succinates ; Transplants

PURPOSE: Many hemostatic agents and dressings have been tested with variable degree of success. Chitosan has a positive charge, it attracts red blood cells, which have a negative charge. Our goal is to test the efficacy of new developed chitosan-based hemostatic materials in providing durable hemostasis in a high-flow arterial wound model. METHODS: We compared each group with SD rats motality tests and in vitro blood compatibility test by blood clotting index (BCI). We devided the SD rats into 6 groups (N =15) by type of hemostatic agents. A: 100% nonwoven chitosan (degree of the deacetylation: 90%). B: 50% N-acetylation on nonwoven of chitosan gel (degree of the deacetylation: 50%). C: 60% N-acetylation on nonwoven of chitosan ge (degree of the deacetylation: 40%)l. D: Cutanplast(R). E: HemCon(R) F: Gauze. In vivo test, a proximal arterial injury was created in unilateral femoral arteries of 90 anesthetized SD rats. Each materials was made same size and thickness then applied to the injury site for 3 minutes. In vitro test, we compared each group with BCI in human blood. RESULTS: In vivo test, group A showed lower motality rate of 46% than any other groups, Group B and C showed lower motality rate of 60% than group D and E's motality rate of 66%. In vitro test, BCI of group A (30.6 +/- 1.2) and B (29.3 +/- 1.0) were showed nearly about group D (29.1 +/- 1.8) and E (27.4 +/- 1.6). Group C (37.1 +/- 2.0) showed higher BCI than group A and B, it means group C decreased blood clotting. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study suggests a newly developed chitosan-based hemostatic materials induced durable hemostasis and increased blood clotting, and are considered as effective biologic hemostatic agents.
Animals ; Bandages ; Blood Coagulation ; Chitosan ; Erythrocytes ; Fees and Charges ; Femoral Artery ; Hemostasis ; Humans ; Rats

PURPOSE: Aquacel Ag(R) is a hydrofiber wound dressing integrated with ionic silver. Sorbact(R) is a hydrophobic-coated dressing that uses the hydrophobic interaction with microbes. In this study, we compared the wound healing effects and the antibacterial effects of Medifoam(R), Betadine soaked, Aquacel Ag(R) and Sorbact(R) dressings against MRSA-infected wounds. METHODS: Eighty rats were divided into four groups: Medifoam(R); Betadine soaked; Aquacel Ag(R); and Sorbact(R). A 1.5 x 1.5 cm square full-thickness wound was made on the dorsum of each rat and infected with MRSA. Twenty-four hours thereafter, each dressing was applied to the wound and changed every other day. One, 3, 7, 11 and 15 days after the wound infection, swab culture grade, wound bed appearance score, and wound defect size change were evaluated, and 7 and 15 days after, histologic evaluation was compared between the groups. RESULTS: The bacteria load of wounds in the Sorbact(R) group decreased earlier than in the other groups. The wound bed appearance score of the Sorbact(R) group also increased quicker, compared with the other groups. However, the size of wounds of the Aquacel Ag(R) group decreased more rapidly, compared with other groups. From the histologic point of view, there was no significant difference between Betadine soaked, Aquacel Ag(R) and Sorbact(R) groups. CONCLUSION: The hydrophobic dressing using Sorbact(R) showed a more rapid reduction in the MRSA load and an elevation in the wound bed appearance score, but a slower decrease in wound size change due to detachment of wound bed tissue when the dressing was eliminated in the low exudate wound. The silver-containing hydrofiber dressing using Aquacel Ag(R) was more effective in ultimate wound size reduction, but some debris was trapped in the wound tissue and induced foreign body reaction in the high exudate wound. Thus, ongoing selection process of treatment based on the evaluation of the infectious wound state will be very important.
Animals ; Bacteria ; Bandages ; Carboxymethylcellulose Sodium ; Exudates and Transudates ; Foreign-Body Reaction ; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus ; Povidone-Iodine ; Rats ; Silver ; Skin ; Wound Healing ; Wound Infection