In children and adolescents, inguinal and scrotal diseases are relatively common, and imaging is very useful for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of these diseases. Therefore, it is important to understand the imaging findings of these diseases. In this article, we classify these diseases into small testes, cryptorchidism, patent processus vaginalis, acute scrotum pain, trauma, testicular tumors, and others and describe their characteristic findings.

The radiation emitted during radiological examinations can be harmful to the human body, but the technique is still used because it is helpful to the patient. Therefore, radiologic examinations must follow radiation protection principles such as justification and optimization, and only minimal required re-examinations should be performed. Proper use of radiation in the medical field can be achieved by proper education of individuals from multiple medical fields.

Burnout among radiologists has recently emerged as an issue that poses a threat to patient safety. Burnout adversely effects the quality of patient care and may lead to health problems in physicians. Approximately 84% of board-certified radiologists working in large hospitals in Korea responded that they had experienced burnout at least once. To overcome this, the standardization of physicians’ workloads, as well as improvements in the professional workflow are necessary to ensure a healthy lifestyle balance.

Recently, doctors and researchers are establishing relationships with interested parties from companies, research institutes, health care institutions, and academic journals, instead of conducting independent medical care or research work. They may have multiple interests as an advisor or a shareholder in the relevant company. Such a situation can foster a conflict of interest when their interests influence one’s decision or judgment. Conflict of interest is an extremely important issue because it can infringe the integrity of research, endanger subjects or patients, pose a risk to the public, and deteriorate public perception of science. This brief review explores the definition, examples, and solutions to conflict of interest.

Authorship is important for research integrity and publication ethics, acting as the basis for credit and academic achievement. Moreover, publication achievements have a significant impact on research grants and academic careers. Inappropriate authorship has been reported for several reasons, including complex interests and competitive environments. One form of this is representative authorship misuse, which includes honorary and ghost authorships. Kin co-authorship, such as parent-children authorship, is another form of inappropriate authorship that has recently emerged as a social problem in Korea. To address these issues, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) has established criteria for authorship. Similarly, many journals use the Contributor Roles Taxonomy (CRediT) and Open Researcher and Contributor ID (ORCID) systems to prevent authorship misuse and systematically evaluate author credit and responsibility. Herein, this article reviews authorship and inappropriate authorship, as well as introduces methods to avoid authorship misuse.

Pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (PEH) is a rare vascular tumor of borderline or low-grade malignancy, and its prognosis is unpredictable. Herein, we describe the case of a 47-year-old asymptomatic female with a diagnosis of multinodular PEH. During a 7-year followup, the nodules with large size and high 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the initial study showed progression with increasing sizes; however, most small nodules (size < 1 cm) demonstrated spontaneous regression with peripheral rim or nodular calcification. The patient underwent surgical resection for an enlarged nodule. Of note, it is unusual for an individual to have mixed progression and regression concomitantly, which may be helpful in predicting the prognosis.

Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a rare congenital, thoracic, and vascular anomaly. Although PLSVCs generally do not have a hemodynamic effect, several types of PLSVC and some cardiac anomalies may manifest with clinical symptoms. The presence of PLSVC can render catheterization via left subclavian access difficult when placing a pacemaker or central venous catheter. As such, recognizing a PLSVC that is typically incidentally discovered can prevent complications such as vascular injury. Differentiating vessels found in a similar location as PLSVC is necessary when performing thoracic vascular procedures. This pictorial essay explains the multi-detector CT findings of a PLSVC, and provides a summary of other blood vessels that require differentiation during thoracic vascular procedures.

The importance of ethics in research and the use of artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly recognized not only in the field of healthcare but throughout society. This article intends to provide domestic readers with practical points regarding the ethical issues of using radiological images for AI research, focusing on data security and privacy protection and the right to data. Therefore, this article refers to related domestic laws and government policies. Data security and privacy protection is a key ethical principle for AI, in which proper de-identification of data is crucial. Sharing healthcare data to develop AI in a way that minimizes business interests is another ethical point to be highlighted. The need for data sharing makes the data security and privacy protection even more important as data sharing increases the risk of data breach.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) can be diagnosed noninvasively on multiphasic CT and MRI based on its distinctive imaging findings. These features include arterial phase hyperenhancement and washout on portal or delayed phase images. However, radiologists face significant diagnostic challenges because some HCCs exhibit atypical imaging characteristics. In addition to many HCC-mimicking lesions, such as arterioportal shunts, combined HCC-cholangiocarcinoma, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and hemangioma present a challenge for radiologists in actual clinical practice. The ability to distinguish HCCs from mimickers on initial imaging examinations is crucial for appropriate management and treatment decisions. Therefore, this pictorial review presents the imaging findings of atypical HCCs and HCCs mimicking malignant and benign lesions and discusses important clues that may help narrow down the differential diagnosis.