1.Development of a fatty acids database using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data.
Mi Ock YOON ; Kirang KIM ; Ji Yun HWANG ; Hyun Sook LEE ; Tae Young SON ; Hyun Kyung MOON ; Jae Eun SHIM
Journal of Nutrition and Health 2014;47(6):435-442
PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to develop a fatty acid database (DB) for estimation of intake levels of fatty acids in the Korean population, using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey (KNHANES). METHODS: Analytical values of fatty acids in foods were collected from food composition tables of national institutions (National Fisheries Research & Development Institute, Rural Development Administration), Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, US Department of Agriculture, and journal articles that previously reported analytical fatty acid content of some Korean foods. The coverage of fatty acids was C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1, C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3, C20:5 n-3 (EPA), C22:6 n-3 (DHA), SFA, MUFA, and PUFA (n-3, n-6, n-9). The fatty acids DB covered a total of 5,144 food items used in the KNHANES nutrition survey. The food items were preferentially filled with analytical values of the collected data source. An analytical value for each food item was selected based on the priority criteria and the quality evaluation of data sources. Missing values were replaced with calculated or imputed values using the analytical values of similar food items from the data source. RESULTS: A total of 1,545 analytical values, 2,589 calculated values, and 1,010 imputed values were included in the fatty acid DB. The developed fatty acid DB was applied to 2,112 food items available for 2011 KNHANES data. Mean intake levels of total fatty acids and saturated fatty acids were 40.3 g/day and 13.2 g/day, respectively. The estimation of total fatty acid intake was 84.3% (men 83.2%, women 86.0%) of daily total fat intake. CONCLUSION: This newly developed fatty acid DB would be helpful in determining the association of fatty acids intake and related health concerns in the Korean population.
Agriculture
;
Information Storage and Retrieval
;
Education
;
Fatty Acids*
;
Female
;
Fisheries
;
Humans
;
Japan
;
Korea
;
Nutrition Surveys*
;
Social Planning
;
Sports
2.University students' eating behavior and consumer attitude in social commerce service.
Journal of Nutrition and Health 2014;47(6):426-434
PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to investigate eating behavior of university students through social commerce and to analyze factors affecting university students' attitude regarding social commerce. METHODS: Questionnaires were distributed to 445 university students in Changwon, Korea from March 28 to April 28, 2013. A total of 339 questionnaires were used for the final analysis, which excluded improperly-completed questionnaires. RESULTS: The major factor considered for eating behavior through social commerce was price (37.2%). Purchasing experiences of foodservice products according to types of foodservice were 64.9% for coffee shop, 59.3% for fast food restaurant, 53.4% for family restaurant, 46.0% for specialty restaurant, 35.7% for pizza restaurant, 35.4% for buffet, and 31.9% for bakery. Factors affecting satisfaction with social commerce for purchasing foodservice products were 'service quality of foodservice company', 'communication of social commerce', and 'discount rate of social commerce'. Factors affecting repurchasing intention of foodservice products through social commerce were 'service quality of foodservice company', 'site design of social commerce', and 'discount rate of social commerce'. CONCLUSION: In order to increase satisfaction with social commerce, 'service quality of foodservice company', 'communication of social commerce', and 'discount rate of social commerce' should be increased. And, to increase repurchasing intention of social commerce, 'service quality of foodservice company', 'site design of social commerce', and 'discount rate of social commerce' should be increased. In addition, two factors 'service quality of foodservice' and 'discount rate of social commerce' were found to have an effect on satisfaction and repurchasing intention of social commerce. For development of social commerce and foodservice industry, cooperative relationship between social commerce and foodservice industry is needed, and a reasonable price strategy should be established. The university students considered price as a major factor of eating behaviors and did not consider menu and taste as a major factor. From a longer perspective, such an eating behavior would have an effect on university students' dietary life and it would cause nutrition and health problems for university students. Thus, it implied that further studies from the perspectives of nutrition and health regarding eating behavior through social commerce service should be conducted.
Coffee
;
Commerce*
;
Fast Foods
;
Feeding Behavior*
;
Gyeongsangnam-do
;
Humans
;
Intention
;
Korea
;
Surveys and Questionnaires
;
Restaurants
3.The relationships between dietary behavior and health related factors according to shift work in nurses.
Journal of Nutrition and Health 2014;47(6):416-425
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the stress, dietary habits, dietary behaviors, and health-related behavior of nurses. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 161 nurses studying at a cyber university. The general characteristics, stress, dietary habits, dietary behaviors, and health-related behavior of the subjects were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire in October, 2010. The subjects were divided into two groups according to the working pattern: shift workers (n = 110) and non-shift workers (n = 51). RESULTS: In the general characteristics, there were significant differences in marriage, monthly income, employment type, and job satisfaction between the two groups. Total stress score did not differ significantly between the two groups. In dietary habits, significant differences in meal regularity, skipping meals, skipping reasons, having regular mealtimes, frequency of snack and the snack time between shift workers and non-shift workers (p<0.05). Total score of dietary behaviors in shift workers was significantly lower than that in non-shift workers (p<0.05). Score of shift workers in taking three meals per day regularly was significantly lower than that of non-shift workers. In health-related behavior, a significant difference in sleeping time was observed between shift workers and non-shift workers. Dietary behavior showed negative correlation with shift work (r = 0.176) and positive correlation with health consciousness (r = 0.210) and perceived health status (r = 0.198) in subjects after adjustment for age, marriage, monthly income, and employment type (p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis revealed that shift work, health consciousness, and perceived health status affected dietary behavior in subjects. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that shift working nurses had poor dietary habits and dietary behaviors, and these dietary behaviors are affected by their shift work, health consciousness, and perceive health status.
Consciousness
;
Employment
;
Food Habits
;
Job Satisfaction
;
Marriage
;
Meals
;
Surveys and Questionnaires
;
Snacks
4.Evaluation of nutrient and food intake status, and dietary quality according to abdominal obesity based on waist circumference in Korean adults: Based on 2010-2012 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Myeong Seong KIM ; Dae Cheol KWEON ; Yun Jung BAE
Journal of Nutrition and Health 2014;47(6):403-415
PURPOSE: This study was conducted in order to investigate the nutrient and food intake status, and dietary quality in Korean adults according to abdominal obesity based on waist circumference. METHODS: We analyzed data from the combined 2010~2012 KNHANES (Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). The analysis included 6,974 adults aged 40 to 64 years. In this study, according to abdominal obesity based on waist circumference (male > or = 90 cm, female > or = 85 cm), we classified the subjects into the obesity group (male, n = 775, female, n = 1,113) and control group (male, n = 2,038, female, n = 3,048). The nutrient and food group intake, ND (nutrient density), NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio), MAR (mean adequacy ratio), INQ (index of nutritional quality), DDS (dietary diversity score), and DVS (dietary variety score) were analyzed using data from the 24-recall method. RESULTS: For male, no significant difference in quality index of the diet was observed between the obesity group and the normal group. In female, in diet quality (ND, NAR, and INQ), vitamin B2 (ND, NAR, and INQ) calcium (NAR), phosphorous (ND, INQ) and potassium (ND) of the obesity group was significantly lower than those of the control group. DDS and DVS in the obesity group (3.57, 30.95) were significantly lower than those of the control group (3.68, 32.84) (p = 0.0043, 0.0002). DVS (DVS > or = 39.9) showed association with lower risk of waist obesity in a logistic regression model after adjustments for multiple confounding factors including age, education, income, alcohol intake frequency, smoking, physical activity, energy intake, and body mass index (OR: 0.616, 95% CI: 0.420-0.903). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, females with abdominal obesity had lower micronutrient intake quality, DVS than those of the control group. In Korean females, food intake variety can adversely affect waist circumference.
Adult*
;
Body Mass Index
;
Calcium
;
Diet
;
Eating*
;
Education
;
Energy Intake
;
Female
;
Humans
;
Logistic Models
;
Male
;
Micronutrients
;
Motor Activity
;
Nutrition Surveys*
;
Obesity
;
Obesity, Abdominal*
;
Potassium
;
Riboflavin
;
Smoke
;
Smoking
;
Waist Circumference*
5.Anti-diabetic effects of aqueous and ethanol extract of Dendropanax morbifera Leveille in streptozotocin-induced diabetes model.
Na Young AN ; Ji Eun KIM ; Daeyoun HWANG ; Ho Kyung RYU
Journal of Nutrition and Health 2014;47(6):394-402
PURPOSE: Dendropanax morifera Leveille(DML) exhibits diverse biological and pharmacological activities, including anti-oxidative effect, anti-cancer activity, hepatoprotection, immunological stimulation, and bone regeneration. As part of the identification for novel functions of DML, we investigated the therapeutic effects of DML on diabetes induced by streptozotocine (STZ) treatment. METHODS: First, the four extracts including the water extract of leaf (DLW), the ethanol extract of leaf (DLE), the water extract of stem (DSW), and the ethanol extract of stem (DSE) were collected from the leaf and stem of DML using a hot water and ethanol solvent. Alterations in body weight, glucose concentration, insulin level, and pancreatic islet structure were investigated in diabetic mice after treatment with extracts of DML for 2 weeks. RESULTS: Among four extracts, the highest level of total polyphenols and total flavonoids was detected in DLW, while the lowest level of these was measured in DSE. The radical scavenging activity was also higher in DLW than in the other three extracts at the concentration of 25-100 microg/mL, although this activity was maintained at a constant level in all groups at the concentration of 500 microg/mL. Based on the results of anti-oxidant activity, DLW and DLE were selected for examination of anti-diabetic effects in a diabetes model. Body weight was gradually decreased in all STZ treated groups compared with the No treated group. However, four STZ/DML treated groups maintained a high level of body weight during 7-14 days, while the STZ/vehicle treated group showed a gradual decrease of body weight during the same period. Also, a significant decrease or increase in the concentration of glucose and insulin in the blood of the diabetes model was detected in a subset of groups, although the highest increase was detected in the STZ/DLE-200 treated group. In addition, the histological structure of pancreatic islet was significantly recovered after treatment with DLW and DLE. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that DLW and DLE may contribute to attenuation of clinical symptoms of diabetes as well as prevent the destruction of pancreatic beta-cells in STZ-induced diabetes mice.
Animals
;
Body Weight
;
Bone Regeneration
;
Ethanol*
;
Flavonoids
;
Glucose
;
Immunization
;
Insulin
;
Islets of Langerhans
;
Mice
;
Polyphenols
;
Streptozocin
;
Water
6.Nutritional roles and health effects of eggs.
Eun Ju YANG ; Young Eun LEE ; Hyun Kyung MOON
Journal of Nutrition and Health 2014;47(6):385-393
PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to examine the effects of egg consumption and suggest proper guidelines for consumption of eggs by determining the relationship between eggs and cholesterol. METHODS: Literature review was conducted on the relationship between nutritional, functional properties of eggs and serum cholesterol, as well as cardiovascular disease. RESULTS: Eggs, which are a good protein food with complete amino acid composition, contain vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin B1(2), folic acid, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, calcium, iron, choline, selenium, beta-carotene, lutein, zeaxanthin, etc. However the egg yolk has a high cholesterol content, which is associated with chronic diseases, including heart disease and hypertension. As a result, its intake is subject to regulation. Outbreak of heart disease by yolk intake can show different results depending on the characteristics of the subjects, amount of egg intake, and the implications of other foods eaten. It is difficult to determine whether eggs are beneficial, as they are the main supplying source for other major nutritive elements as well. Several research studies insist that when cholesterol intake increases by 100 mg, the level of serum cholesterol increases by 2.2~4.5 mg/dL and when serum cholesterol increases by 1%, the risk of heart disease increases by 2%. This indicates that a large intake of eggs can increase the risk of heart disease. Although the cholesterol of egg yolk and serum cholesterol are correlated, it is insufficient to conclude that only cholesterol and not other components are related to heart disease. In fact, other components in egg such as various unsaturated fatty acids and phospholipids could be related as well. Rather than concluding egg as a 'good' or 'bad' food according to its cholesterol content, it is important to define egg as a part of dietary patterns. CONCLUSION: Generalizing an indiscriminate and uniform amount of egg intake for all seems inadequate. However, patients with diabetes or heart disease should pay particular attention to the amount of egg intake. As for the norm, eating egg with vegetables as a substitute for other animal products seems beneficial.
Animals
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beta Carotene
;
Calcium
;
Cardiovascular Diseases
;
Cholesterol
;
Choline
;
Chronic Disease
;
Eating
;
Egg Yolk
;
Eggs*
;
Fatty Acids, Unsaturated
;
Folic Acid
;
Heart Diseases
;
Humans
;
Hypertension
;
Iron
;
Lutein
;
Ovum*
;
Phospholipids
;
Riboflavin
;
Selenium
;
Vegetables
;
Vitamin A
;
Vitamin D
;
Vitamin E
;
Vitamin K
;
Vitamins
7.Socio-economic status is associated with the risk of inadequate energy intake among Korean elderly.
Journal of Nutrition and Health 2015;48(4):371-379
PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the factors influencing inadequate energy intake among Korean elderly. METHODS: Our study included 1,869 elderly people (over 60 years old) who completed a dietary survey from the fifth Korean NHANES (2010). Factors that could affect the nutritional status of the elderly included age, family status, socio-economic factors (education, family income, livelihood security, employment), and health related factors (having chronic disease, functional status, diet therapy, depression, and suicidal thoughts). Energy and protein intake were assessed using the dietary intake data from 24hr recall method. RESULTS: The percentage of people who consumed energy less than 75% of EEA for Koreans was 23.7% in men, 31.1% in women. The carbohydrate contribution to the total energy intake in the inadequate energy intake group was significantly higher than that in the adequate intake group (p < 0.05). Factors significantly related to inadequate energy intake after adjusting for age, family status, education, family income, employment, functional status, and suicidal thoughts were education (OR: 1.480 in men, 1.614 in women) and employment (OR: 1.751 in men, 1.464 in women), age 70 years or older in men (OR: 1.475), and living with family but without spouse in women (OR: 1.496). CONCLUSION: In summary, the results imply that energy intake of elderly would be affected by the status of social environment with aging and nutrition-related policy for Korean elderly should be based on the social status as well as health related conditions.
Aged*
;
Aging
;
Chronic Disease
;
Depression
;
Diet Therapy
;
Education
;
Employment
;
Energy Intake*
;
Female
;
Humans
;
Male
;
Nutrition Surveys
;
Nutritional Status
;
Social Environment
;
Spouses
8.A study on nutritional intakes in middle income adults based on data from the 5th Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Ji Myung KIM ; Hye Sook KIM ; Ki Nam KIM
Journal of Nutrition and Health 2015;48(4):364-370
PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate nutritional status in middle-class adults compared with low income or high income adults according to gender difference. METHODS: Data from the 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used. A total of 7,082 adults aged from 30 to 64 were included and classified according to household income level into three groups. Dietary data was collected using 24-hr recall methods. RESULTS: Most nutrients including energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals such as iron and calcium differed according to income levels. Iron intake of middle-class men was higher than that of the lowest income group, whereas that of middle-class women was similar to that of the lowest income group. In addition, no significant difference in carbohydrate, protein, fat, thiamin, and niacin intakes per 1,000 kcal and iron intake was found between the middle and high income group only in male subjects. In summary, our results showed that the relationship between nutritional status and income level as a socioeconomic parameter could vary according to gender difference. CONCLUSION: According to our results, it could be suggested that not only the lowest income people but also middle class women should be concerned in development of nutritional policies. Gender difference should be considered. It is a very meaningful implication for application to policy for obesity prevention or intervention.
Adult*
;
Calcium
;
Family Characteristics
;
Female
;
Humans
;
Iron
;
Korea
;
Male
;
Minerals
;
Niacin
;
Nutrition Surveys*
;
Nutritional Status
;
Obesity
;
Vitamins
9.Use of vitamin and mineral supplements and related variables among university students in Seoul.
Journal of Nutrition and Health 2015;48(4):352-363
PURPOSE: Despite the popularity of dietary supplements, little data are available on their use by university students. The purpose of this study was to examine the use of vitamin mineral supplements and to identify factors related to supplement use among university students. METHODS: University students (N = 345) in Seoul were surveyed. Survey questions included descriptive demographics, types of vitamin and mineral supplements used, health related lifestyle factors, mini dietary assessment, and knowledge and behaviors related to supplement use. RESULTS: Of university students surveyed, 41% consumed vitamin and mineral supplements. Among the supplement users, multivitamins were the most commonly used dietary supplements (68.6%), followed by vitamin C (31.4%) and calcium (17.1%). In particular, the use of vitamin C and iron supplements was more common in females than males (p < 0.05). For the number of supplements taken daily, 32.1% of supplement users consumed 2 or more supplements; 20% of supplement users had almost no knowledge of the supplements being taken. Based on the results of multivariable logistic regression analysis, supplement use was associated with higher interest in their own health, non-smoker, and supplement use by family (p < 0.05). In addition, supplement use was slightly associated with healthy dietary behavior such as consuming a variety of foods (p = 0.05) and current disease status (p = 0.05). CONCLUSION: University students with relatively healthy lifestyles appear to take vitamin and mineral supplements, but they had little knowledge of the supplements. Given high prevalence of dietary supplement use among university students, nutrition education regarding supplement use is needed.
Ascorbic Acid
;
Calcium
;
Demography
;
Dietary Supplements
;
Education
;
Female
;
Health Behavior
;
Humans
;
Iron
;
Life Style
;
Logistic Models
;
Male
;
Minerals
;
Prevalence
;
Seoul*
;
Vitamins*
10.Determinants of age at menarche in Korean elementary school girls.
Mi Kyoung KWON ; Eun Min SEO ; Kyong PARK
Journal of Nutrition and Health 2015;48(4):344-351
PURPOSE: During the recent decades, the age at menarche continued to decline in Korea and worldwide. Prior studies have suggested that early menarche may increase the risk of various social, psychological, and physical health problems in young adolescent girls, but little is known about the determinants associated with early menarche. The purpose of this study is to evaluate independent determinants of early menarche among 5th~6th female graders in South Korea. METHODS: Our analysis was conducted in 95 menarcheal girls and 95 age-matched pre-menarcheal girls residing in Daegu, South Korea. Demographic and lifestyle characteristics were collected using survey questionnaires for children and parents. Dietary information was assessed by 2 day~24 hour food records and survey questionnaires, which were completed by both children and their parents. Anthropometric data were obtained from the student health check-ups at the school. RESULTS: A multiple logistic regression analysis using a conditional likelihood method was performed for simultaneous evaluation of several risk factors. There were significant differences in that higher proportion of obesity (OR, odds ratio = 5.60, 95% CI, confidence interval = 1.34~23.42), shorter sleep duration (OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.23~0.87), and younger mother's age at menarche (OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.44~0.93) were observed in the menarcheal group compared to the premenarcheal group. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate a possible association of sleep duration, mother's menarcheal age, and obesity with age at menarche. A well-planned, prospective cohort study is warranted to examine causal relationship.
Adolescent
;
Child
;
Cohort Studies
;
Daegu
;
Female
;
Female*
;
Humans
;
Korea
;
Life Style
;
Logistic Models
;
Menarche*
;
Obesity
;
Odds Ratio
;
Parents
;
Prospective Studies
;
Puberty
;
Risk Factors