Objective To study the influence of cochlear implantation on residual hearing in children .Methods Behavioral audiometry were performed pre -implant and 3~21 months post -implant on thirty -four cochlear implant recipients with severe to profound hearing loss .According to follow -up time ,they were divided into 2 groups which were Group A(3~12 months ,21 cases) and Group B(≥13 months ,13 cases) .The thresholds at 250 Hz ,500 Hz ,1 000 Hz and 2 000 Hz were analyzed .Results There were 25 out of 34 patients (73 .53% ) had partial residual hearing after cochlear implantation .Comparing to the hearing loss pre -operation and post -operation , which were most obvious at 500 Hz ,followed by 250 Hz ,1 000 Hz ,2 000 Hz (P<0 .05) ,and there were significant different among different frequencies .There was significant difference at different frequencies at hearing loss thresh-olds only in Group A .But there was no significant difference in Group B .With the prolonged time after the cochlear implantation ,residual hearing at all frequencies showed a trend of recovery .Conclusion The residual hearing could be partial preserved after cochlear implant in pediatric patients with severe to profound hearing impaired ,the residu-al hearing at lower frequencies (250 Hz ,500 Hz) were less affected than those at higher frequencies .With the pro-longed time after the cochlear implantation ,the residual hearing showed a certain degree of recovery .

Objective To investigate the effects of mouse nerve growth factor on amikacin (AK)-induced ototoxicity in guinea pigs .Methods 45 guinea pigs were randomly divided into three groups with 15 guinea pigs in each group .The control group received no drug treatment ,the poisoning group received an intraperitoneal injection of AK (400 mg · kg -1 · d-1 ) for 10 days ,and the treatment group received an intraperitoneal injection of AK (400 mg · kg -1 · d-1 ) for 10 days and an intramuscular injection of NGF (1 500 AU · kg -1 · d-1 ) for 14 consecutive days .Auditory brainstem responses were tested on the day before administration ,the 10th day and 20th day after administration .All the guinea pigs were sacrificed when the last ABR test was finished on the 20th day whose Corti organs were observed as well .Results The ABR thresholds of each group showed no significant difference before administration .The ABR threshold of the treatment group was lower than that of the poisoning group .With light microscopy ,the hair cells with normal morphology were observed in the control group .However ,there was an ex-tensive loss of outer hair cell in the poisoning group .For the treatment group ,the miss rate of hair cell was lower compared with the poisoning group .Conclusion Our data shows that NGF has played a protective role on amikacin-induced ototoxicity .

Objective To evaluate the gene therapeutic effects of guinea pigs model with immune -mediated inner ear disease(IMIED)after locally injection of bone -marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs) decorated by in-terleukin-4 gene .Methods Guinea pigs were immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and caused 55 animal models ,divided into five groups ,each group with 11 animals :groupA(BMSCs carrier) ,group B(BMSCs emp-ty -carrier control group) ,group C(recombinent lentivirus IL -4 gene) ,group D(lentivirus empty -carrier control group) ,group E(simulation operation control group) .Groups were all injected with the corresponding suspension (20 μl)[includs BMSCs ceas of (1 .5~2 .0) × 106 ,the concentration of (entivirus) is 0 .5 × 108 pfu] by the scala tympani window into the inner ear .The fluorography immunohistochemistry test and enzyme immunohistochemistry test for the situation of IL -4 gene express and productive protein distribution in inner ear .Auditory functions and the KLH level of guinea pigs blood were monitored respectively by auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) and ELISA test .Results The threshold of ABR wave Ⅲ decreased in group A ,group B and group C .The result were more significant in group A and group B than that in group C ,but results in group A was more prominent (P<0 .05) . The results of immunohistochemistry test showed that fluorescence positive BMSCs mainly scattered in scala tymani and scala vestibule .The microscope results showed that for the group A ,B and C ,there were only few foccule and red and white blood cells in scala tympani floc ,but for group D and group E ,with different levels of labyrinthine hy-drops and some mononuclear cells around the spiral ganglion and small blood vessels .Conclusion Restructuring lentiviral vector with IL -4 gene can be successfully transfected into BMSCs in vitro ,compared to inplangting into inner ear in scala tympani approach ,the cells can migrate and generate gene product of IL -4 ,to significantly im-prove the auditory functions and inflammatory reaction of inner ear disease ,and BMSCs can be used as a carrier to migrate to the damaged part with therapeutic gene .

Objective To study the main pathogenic bacteria and drug sensitivity in patients with chronic sup-purative otitis media and patients with middle ear cholesteatoma in Xinjiang ,and to provide evidence for reasonable u-sing antibiotics for the two diseases .Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of the middle ear secretion bac-terial culture results of 409 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media and middle ear cholesteatoma at our hospi-tal from January 2008 to December 2013 .Results ①There were 361 strains of microbes isolated from 409 patients , and 16 of them were fungi ,and 245 were bacteria .There was a statistical significance of the pathogen detection rate about G+ and G- bacteria between chronic suppurative otitis media and middle ear cholesteatoma (χ2 =12 .216 ,P=0 .000) .②Staphylococcus aureus(in 78 of 254 ears ,30 .7% ) ,pseudomonas aeruginosa(in 46 of 254 ears ,18 .1% ) , coagulase-negative staphylococcus(in 42 of 254 ears ,16 .5% ) ,and proteus mirabilis(in 20 of 254 ears ,7 .87% ) were the most frequently insolated pathogens in chronic suppurative otitis media ,while staphylococcus aureus(in 26 of 107 ears ,24 .30% ) ,pseudomonas aeruginosa(in 17 of 107 ears ,15 .9% ) ,coagulase-negative staphylococcus (in 16 of 107 ears ,15 .0% ) ,and proteus mirabilis(in 14 of 107 ears ,13 .1% ) were the most frequently insolated patho-gens in middle ear cholesteatoma .③Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase -negative staphylococcus were all sensi-tive to quinoline nupu ting /dalfopristin ,teicoplanin ,vancomycin ,and moxifloxacin .The sensitivity of coagulase -negative staphylococcus to gentamicin ,trimethoprim -sulfamethoxazole ,and erythromycin in the middle ear chol-esteatoma were higher than those of in chronic suppurative otitis media .The sensitivity of pseudomonas aeruginosa to ceftazidime ,and imipenem were lower in the middle ear cholesteatoma .The drug sensitivity of pseudomonas aeruginosa ,proteus to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and cefazolin was higher in middle ear cholesteatoma .Conclu-sion There are differences between chronic suppurative otitis media (active) and middle ear cholesteatoma about G+ ,G- bacteria detection rate .Staphylococcus aureus ,coagulase-negative staphylococcus ,pseudomonas aerugi-nosa ,and proteus mirabilis are the main pathogenic bacteria in these two chronic otitis media .There is a difference of some commonly used antimicrobial sensitivity in these two kinds of otitis media ,which is more obvious in pseudo-monas aeruginosa and proteus mirabilis .

Objective To study the characteristics of auditory brainstem responses with different forward - masking intervals in newborns with normal hearing ,and to find out the most efficient interval .Methods Auditory evoked brainstem responses were recorded from 30 newborns(60 ears) ,with forward - masking intervals of 4 ms ,8 ms ,16 ms ,32 ms ,and unmasked as control .The ABR data were statistically analyzed with SPSS 13 .0 .Results With forward - masking intervals ,all waves Ⅰ ,Ⅲ ,Ⅴ latencies and Ⅰ - Ⅴ ,Ⅰ - Ⅲ ,Ⅲ - Ⅴ interpeak latencies were significantly (P< 0 .01) prolonged compared with those of in the unmasked ,except wave Ⅲ and Ⅰ - Ⅲ interpeak latencies with 4 ms forward - masking intervals .The waves from 8 ms interval were the most prolonged .Conclusion Forward masking increases human newborn ABR latencies and interpeak latencies .The interval time influenced the effect ,and 8 ms interval is the most efficient .

Objective This study aimed to develop reading material for nasalance evaluation ,and find out na-salance scores associated with genders .Methods The NasalView ? (Tiger Electronics Inc .,Seattle ,USA) was used to obtain nasalance values in the new and old material .A total of 102 subjects (51 males ,51 females) who have lived in Beijing for 18 years or longer at the time of the experiment received the tests ,the results from two pieces of material and the mean nasalance gender score differences were compared .Results The mean nasalance scores of sen-tences were 56 .58% ± 3 .43% for'Nasal sentence',33 .86% ± 5 .24% for'Oral sentence',and 49 .49% ± 4 .13% for'Oro -nasal sentence'respectively in the new material .The mean nasalance scores of sentences were 54 .31% ± 4 .43% for'Nasal sentence',35 .64% ± 5 .90% for'Oral sentence',and 47 .12% ± 4 .96% for'Oro-nasal sentence're-spectively in the old material .There were significant differences between males and females through materials .The nasalance gender score differences showed that females were bigger than males (P<0 .01) .This study found a cor-relation between the new and old materials :'Nasal sentence'(r=0 .899 ,P< 0 .01) ,'Oral sentence'(r= 0 .850 ,P<0 .01) ,and'Oro -nasal sentence'(r=0 .851 ,P<0 .01) .The standard error difference showed that the new was smaller than the old (P<0 .01) .Conclusion The new material for nasalance evaluation has a better test validity ,and there is a high correlation between the old materials .The usage of the new material for nasalance evaluation will produce more accurate results with higher credibility .Normal female's nasalance scores were higher than males .

Objective To investigate audiological characteristics of patients with intact tympanic membranes and conductive or mixed hearing loss .Methods A retrospective study was carried out among 30 patients (42 ears) with intact tympanic membranes and conductive or mixed hearing loss who underwent exploratory tympanotomy . The preoperative outcomes of pure tone audiometry ,tympanometry ,resonant frequency of middle ear and temporal bone CT scan were analyzed .Results Among 42 ears ,30 ears with otosclerosis and 12 ears with ossicular chain dis-ruption were confirmed in exploratory tympanotomy ,but only 5 ears showed positive findings in CT scan .The mean thresholds of bone conduction ,air conduction and air -bone gap at frequencies of 0 .5 ,1 and 2 kHz were 27 .5 ± 1 .3 dB HL ,67 .0 ± 1 .8 dB HL ,39 .5 ± 1 .1 dB HL ,respectively .An analysis of tympanometric data of all patients re-vealed that 50% of all ears (21/42) were type A tympanograms ,42 .9% (18/42) were type As tympanograms ,and 7 .1% (3/42) were type Ad tympanograms .The mean of the resonant frequency of the middle ear in otosclerositic patients (1 079 .0 ± 67 .4 Hz) was significantly higher than ossicular chain disruption patients (633 .3 ± 43 .6 Hz) . Conclusion Otosclerosis is the most common in the patients with intact tympanic membranes and conductive or mixed hearing loss .The middle ear resonant frequency of otosclerositic patients is significantly higher than that of ossicular chain disruption patients .

Objective To analyze the factors affecting the effects of hearing aids in presbycusis patients . Methods One hundred and twenty cases with presbycusis were investigated by using general data and the Satisfac-tion with Amplification in Daily Life questionnaire(SADL) .The individual scores and total scores of all the subjects were collected together with the personal information ,including age ,gender ,degree of education ,pure-tone aver-age ,hearing aid type ,monaural/binaural status ,total hearing aid experience ,daily use time ,the time of perceived hearing difficulty .A single factor analysis and multiple stepwise regression analysis were used to filter out main fac-tors influencing the effect of hearing aids .Results The degree of education ,hearing aid type ,monaural/binaural status ,daily use time ,the time of perceived hearing difficulty were factors influencing the effect of hearing aids . The patients with higher level of education ,the longer daily use ,binaural status obtained more scores than those of the low degree of education ,the shorter daily use ,and monaural status( P< 0 .01) .The older people felt better than the youngers(P<0 .01) .The patients with long -time perceived hearing difficulty got more scores than those with short -time perceived hearing difficulty (P<0 .01) .In general ,the degree of education ,and the daily use time were the main factors influencing the effects of hearing aids .Conclusion There are many factors that influence the effects of hearing aids ,in which the degree of education ,daily use time are the main factors ,and the combination of the two factors obtain the effects of hearing aid maximization ,and the binaural status ,the short time of perceived hearing difficulty and the older obtain better satisfaction .The gender doesn't significantly influence the effects of the hearing aids .

Objective To investigate the NAD+ - dependent protein deacetylase SIRT1 expression in the cochlea of C57BL/6 mice ,a mouse model of age - related hearing loss(AHL) .Methods A total of 46 C57BL/6 mice were used ,and were divided into 2 groups ;according the age ,there were young group (1 ~ 2 months old ,23 mice) and old group (12 ~ 16 months old ,23 mice) .ABR measurements were performed on young and old C57BL/6 mice . The expression of SIRT1 in the cochlea was detected by qRT - PCR and immunofluorescence .Results The ABR thresholds in the old mice(4 kHz :82 .7 ± 7 .32 dB SPL ,8 kHz :80 .9 ± 7 .8 dB SPL ,16 kHz :89 .3 ± 5 .5 dB SPL ,32 kHz :89 .9 ± 4 dB SPL) were significantly higher than those in the young C57BL/6 mice(4 kHz :52 .1 ± 8 .3 dB SPL ,8 kHz :40 .5 ± 6 .1 dB SPL ,16 kHz :50 .7 ± 9 .4 dB SPL ,32 kHz :57 .6 ± 11 .9 dB SPL)(P < 0 .001) .SIRT1 mRNA expression was significantly decreased in the cochlea of old C57BL/6 mice in comparison with young mice ( P <0 .01) .SIRT1 protein was abundantly expressed in the inner hair cells ,outer hair cells ,supporting cells ,strial marginal cells ,strial intermediated cells ,and spiral ganglion neurons .The positive area and the average flourescence intensity of SIRT1 protein were reduced in old C57BL/6 mice(P< 0 .001) .Conclusion The down - regulation of SIRT1 mRNA and protein expression in the older C57BL/6 mouse cochlea may be correlated with the pathogenesis of AHL .

Objective To investigate the clinical values of laryngeal electromyography (LEMG) for evaluating the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS) patients with swallowing disorder .Methods A total of 25 ALS patients with or without complaining of swallowing disorder were recruited for the study .Their right cricothyroid muscles were taken unilaterally with concentric needle electrodes by anterior cervical approach .Each patient was tested with Kub-ota drinking test too .Results Of all the 25 patients ,11 were found abnormal in the right cricothyroid muscle which presented with typical degeneration patterns ,15 cases were found abnormal by Kubota drinking test .The coinci-dence rate of the two methods was 60% ,the poisitive coincidence rate was 32% .The McNemar test showed there was some consistency between the drinking water test and LEMG (P=0 .344) ,and the Kappa coefficient was 0 .219 . Conclusion The cricothyroid muscle electromyography may also be a potential method to evaluate ALS patients since it seemed to offer an evidence of dysphagia related with abnormal sensory function of laryngeal mucosa .But there may be some limitations .