Objective To investigate the effects of ?-aescin on nuclear factor-?B (NF-?B) activities and tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) protein expression in the rat brain tissue following acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods A total of 62 SD rats were subjected to a lateral cortical impact injury caused by a free-falling object and divided randomly into four groups, ie, sham operation group (Group A), injury group (Group B), ?-aescin treatment group (Group C) and pyrrolidine dithocarbamate (PDTC) treatment group (Group D). Group C was administered with ?-aescin and Group D treated with PDTC immediately after injury. A series of brain samples were obtained directly 6, 24 hours and three days respectively after operation in four groups. The NF-?B activation of rat brain was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and the levels of TNF-? protein in rat brain measured by radio-immunoassay (RIA). In the meantime, the water content of rat brain was measured and pathomorphological observation carried out. Results Compared with Group A, NF-?B activities, the levels of TNF-? protein and the water content of the rat brain were significantly increased (P

OBJECTIVE:To observe the efficacy of Radix Astragali Injection in combination of Kallidinogenase for diabetic nephropathy.METHODS:A total of 78 patients with diabetic nephropathy were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive Kallidinogenase plus Radix Astragali Injection orally(trial group)or Kallidinogenase alone(control group)orally for 4wk.The main outcome measures were UPE,Alb,?2-MG,THP,Scr,BUN etc.RESULTS:After treatment,all the indexes were decreased significantly(P

ObJeetive To report a simple and efficient method to label two different types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in mouse retina.Methods Eyeballs were harvested from normal adult C57 BL/6 J mouse,the retinas were isolated,four radial cuts were done,the retinas were pasted on the nitrocellulose membrane with the ganglion cell layer upturned.The immunofluorescence double staining and laser confocal nmicroscope was used to reveal conventional retinal ganglion cells and intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) using Brn3a and Melanopsin.Results The double staining results of whole mount retina showed that conventional RGCs and melanopsin immunopositive ipRGCs had a complementary distribution in mouse retina,these two subtypes of RGCs were predominantly present in the ganglion cell layer.The numbers of ipRGCs was just about 1％-2％ of conventional RGCs,and the axons of ipRGCs toward the direction of the optic disc,several dendrites toward the inner plaximem layer.Conclusion The immunofluorescence double staining of whole mount retina is a simple,stable and efficient method to label two different types of mouse RGCs.

Objective To observe the effects of mild hypothermia on the dynamic change of neuron specific enolase (NES) in serum, the damaged neuron number around the impact site and the content of brain tissue water following traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats so as to provide a quantitative parameters to evaluate the protective effect of the mild hypothermia on the brain. Methods A total of 45 SD rats were subjected to a lateral moderate cortical impact injury caused by a free-falling object and divided randomly into three groups:⑴ sham operation group (Group A);⑵ normothermic group (Group B);⑶ hypothermia group (Group C). The Group C was treated with mild hypothermia and the Group B with normothermia immediately after injury. A series of samples were obtained directly 3, 6 and 24 respectively after trauma in three groups. Pathomorphological method was used to observe the number of the damaged cortical neurons around the impact site. The serum concentration of NSE and the water content of brain tissue water were measured by radio-immunoassay. Results Following TBI in rats, the serum level of NSE was significantly increased (P

Objective To investigate the effect of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) on the proliferation of SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells and its underlying mechanism. Methods Cells were cultured in estrogen-free improved Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium and then divided into 5 groups: no treatment (control group); treated with 17β-estradiol (E_2 group); treated with DEHP (DEHP group); treated with both E_2 and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinases (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002 (E_2 + LY294002 group); treated with both DEHP and LY294002 (DEHP + LY294002 group). The absorbance value (AV) was measured on day 0, 2, and 5. DNA proliferation index (PI) and apoptotic index (AI) were determined by flow cytometry on day 5. Caspase-3 protein, protein-serine-threonine kinase (Akt) and phosphor-Akt (Ser473) protein expression were analyzed by Western blot on day 5. Results The AV of All groups increased on day 2, and 5. The AV of E_2 and DEHP groups were higher than that of the control group (P<0. 001), but the AV of E_2 + LY294002 and DEHP + LY294002 groups were lower than those of E_2 and DEHP groups (P<0.01) on day 2 and 5. On day 5, PI of E_2 and DEHP groups were also higher than that of control (P<0.01). However, PI of E_2 + LY294002 and DEHP + LY294002 groups were lower than those of E_2 and DEHP group (P<0.01) on day 5. There was no significant difference in AI and caspase-3 protein expression among the groups. At the same time, phosphor-Akt (Ser473) protein expression of E_2 and DEHP groups increased obviously, compared with the control group. Compared with E_2 and DEHP groups, E_2 + LY294002 and DEHP + LY294002 groups decreased significantly. However, Akt protein expression was equal among those groups. Conclusions DEHP can promote the growth of SK-N-SH cells to a level similar to that of E_2, with activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.

Objective To report experience of minimally invasive surgery of urinary calculi caused by melamine in infants. Methods Retrospectively reviewed the treatments and outcomes of 36 cases with urinary calculi caused by melamine from November 2007 to October 2008. 13 girls and 23 boys aged 8 to 36 months after daily consumption for six month or more of milk products tainted with melamine. These infants underwent MPCNL, ureteroscopic lithotripsy and placement of ureteral stent, respectively. Results The operations were performed successfully in all patients. Five cases underwent MPCNL. Ureteroscopic lithotripsy were performed in fourteen cases. Seventeen cases were placed of ureteral stents. No major complications like hemorrhea, perforation and organic injury were noted. The postoperative hospital stays were 3 to 10 days. All cases were followed up for 1 to 12 months. Calculus had no recurrence. Hydronephrosis and hydroureterosis disappeared or lightened. Growth and development were normal. Conclusions Various kinds of minimally invasive surgical procedures is safe and effective treatments for urinary calculi caused by melamine in infants, applicable in calculi with urinary obstruction especially.

Objective To evaluate percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEC) in long-term coma patients at different phases who received trans-nasal feeding in Department of Neurosurgery. Methods A total of 51 patients who received trans-nasal feeding because of long-term coma were randomly divided into 2 groups to undergo PEG at 25-39 days after coma (n =24) or at 40-60 days (n = 27) , respectively. The rates of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, average episodes of bleeding, average hemostatic time, the rates of aspiration and aspiration pneumonia were compared between the 2 groups. Results The rates of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, aspiration and aspiration pneumonia in post-PEG patients were significantly lower than those in pre-PEG patients (P < 0.05). Before the procedure of PEG, the rates of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage,average episodes of bleeding, rates of aspiration and aspiration pneumonia in 25-39-day group were significantly lower than those in 40-60-day group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between 2 groups, in regarding of either hemostatic time, or rates of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, aspiration and aspiration pneumonia after PEG (P > 0. 05). Conclusion PEG may decrease the rates of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, aspiration and aspiration pneumonia in neurosurgical patients receiving trans-nasal feeding because of long-term coma. PEG is preferably performed on 25-39 days of onset to 40-60 days. If there is no contraindication, 25-39 days after coma is likely to be the optimal time for PEG.

Objective To study the estradiolNGF regulatory cascade in retinal endothelial cells. Methods Retinachoroids vascular endothelial cell line RF/6A from rhesus was cultured in M199 medium contain 20% FBS.mRNA of ER,NGF and its receptors,TrkA and P75 NTR were detected with RTPCR.The cells were incubated with NGF,VEGF,antibodies against NGF or VEGF,and K252a(100nmol/L),the specific inhibitor of TrkA,separately or in different combination.MTT based cell counting assay was used to study the viability of the cells.The apoptosis was evaluated by FACS,mass migration by wound healing assay,and tubogenesis by AngioMatrix assay. Results We amplified the specific fragments of cDNA of ER,NGF and NGF receptor TrkA using RTPCR.10?nmol/L1??mol/L estradiol augments the proliferation and increases the viability of RF/6A in a dosage dependent manner.In the wound healing based migration assay,we found the similar alteration.This effects of estradiol was partially blocked by NGF neutralized antibody and K252a.Apoptosis rates were at the similar level among the groups.For the tubogenesis of RF/6A,we found no augmentation by NGF,and no blocked augmentation by estradiol.Conclusion NGF,first identified as the survival factor of nerve system,now also seemed to be an activator of retinal endothelial cell,is under the regulation of estrogen.The proliferation and migration,but not the tubogenesis of retinal endothelial cells are regulated by this regulatory cascade.

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