Friendships are essential to human function and survival and are one of the many influences affecting health, well-being, and happiness in both personal and professional life. This concept analysis aims to clarify the meaning of friendship among professional nurses by presenting the attributes, antecedents, and consequences of friendship and discussing surrogate terms and model cases.
Friends

IL-17 is produced by RAR-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt)-expressing cells including Th17 cells, subsets of γδT cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). The biological significance of IL-17-producing cells is well-studied in contexts of inflammation, autoimmunity and host defense against infection. While most of available studies in tumor immunity mainly focused on the role of T-bet-expressing cells, including cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cells and NK cells, and their exhaustion status, the role of IL-17-producing cells remains poorly understood. While IL-17-producing T-cells were shown to be anti-tumorigenic in adoptive T-cell therapy settings, mice deficient in type 17 genes suggest a protumorigenic potential of IL-17-producing cells. This review discusses the features of IL-17-producing cells, of both lymphocytic and myeloid origins, as well as their suggested pro- and/or anti-tumorigenic functions in an organ-dependent context. Potential therapeutic approaches targeting these cells in the tumor microenvironment will also be discussed.
Animals ; Autoimmunity ; Child ; Child, Orphaned ; Friends ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-17 ; Killer Cells, Natural ; Lymphocytes ; Mice ; T-Lymphocytes ; Th17 Cells ; Tumor Microenvironment

We present the case of a 23-year-old man who suddenly collapsed during a physical altercation with his friends while in a drunken state. The post-mortem computed tomography (CT) with angiography revealed acute basal subarachnoid hemorrhage with rupture of the left middle cerebral artery. On autopsy, the head, face, mandible and neck showed multifocal hemorrhages with fracture of the hyoid bone, and the pathologic findings of the brain was consistent with CT findings. However, the vascular rupture site was not observed macroscopically. On histologic examination, a microscopic focal rupture was identified at the proximal portion of the middle cerebral artery, and possibility of arteriopathy was considered. This case illustrates that other parts of intracerebral arteries (other than the vertebral arteries) can be the culprit of rupture in the case of traumatic basal subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the post-mortem angiographic findings can be helpful in targeting the site of vascular injury. Furthermore, meticulous sampling of intracranial vessels could help find the vascular rupture site and identify any histologic findings suspicious of arteriopathy. Therefore, we suggest that post-mortem angiography can be an effective and adjunctive tool for a tailored approach in finding the vascular injury, and that histologic examination of both the intracranial and extracranial arteries be important to medicolegally ensure the death of traumatic basal subarachnoid hemorrhage and to examine presence of arteriopathy as a predisposing factor.
Angiography ; Arteries ; Autopsy ; Brain ; Causality ; Forensic Pathology ; Friends ; Head ; Hemorrhage ; Humans ; Hyoid Bone ; Mandible ; Middle Cerebral Artery ; Neck ; Rupture ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ; Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Traumatic ; Vascular System Injuries ; Young Adult

BACKGROUND: Many students are interested in their appearance and express a strong concern about cosmetics use. However, few studies have reported on cosmetics use in teenagers visiting dermatologic clinics. Recently, there was a report on consumer's behavior regarding cosmetics in Korea, so we attempted to assess this behavior in our clinics. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess behavior regarding cosmetics use in teenagers. METHODS: We conducted a questionnaire survey with 26 questions concerning cosmetics use behavior of teenagers who visited dermatologic clinics and participated in the campaign program. The questionnaire consisted of basic information about the type of cosmetics most frequently used. RESULTS: A total of 269 individuals participated in our survey, consisting of 118 men (43.9%) and 151 women (56.1%). Most participants (92.2%) used cosmetics. The most frequently used skin care and makeup product was sun cream (81.5%) and lip balm/gloss (40.7%). Most participants (80.2%) responded that they use cosmetics daily. This result shows that cosmetics use is common among teenagers. The common influences of starting cosmetics use are friends and neighbors. Teenagers used cosmetics mainly for cosmetic purpose (42.3%), followed by increasing self-regard (35.9%) and improving skin status (19.4%). Seventy-eight teenagers (31.5%) developed side effects after using cosmetics. The most common side effects were contact dermatitis (78.4%). CONCLUSION: This study found that teenagers are becoming a rising consumer in the cosmetics industry. Therefore, we suggest that dermatologist should provide teenagers with appropriate education and management on cosmetics use.
Adolescent ; Dermatitis, Contact ; Education ; Female ; Friends ; Humans ; Korea ; Lip ; Male ; Skin ; Skin Care ; Solar System

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to confirm the influence of hematoonchology unit nurses' positive psychological capital and death awareness on their terminal care performance. METHODS: This descriptive study data were collected from self-reported questionnaire filled by 127 oncology nurses at a tertiary hospital in Seoul, Korea. The variables were positive psychological capital, death awareness, and terminal care performance. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0 software. RESULTS: The participants scored 3.93±0.83 on positive psychological capital, 3.68±0.99 on death awareness and 2.86±0.65 on terminal care performance. The three variables were positively correlated. The factors affecting the nurses' terminal care performance were hope and resilience in the subcategory of positive psychological capital and experience of death of family members, relatives or friends within the past year; The explanatory power was 32.1%. CONCLUSION: It is necessary to develop educational programs to foster hope, resilience, etc. in hematooncology unit nurses to improve their quality of terminal care performance.
Friends ; Hope ; Humans ; Korea ; Resilience, Psychological ; Seoul ; Terminal Care ; Tertiary Care Centers

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), and its association with suicide attempts among clinically depressed adolescents in Korea. METHODS: In total, 113 depressed adolescents aged 12– 18 years in South Korea were enrolled in this study. We assessed sociodemographic and clinical characteristics including suicidality and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) using various self-reported scales and semi-structured interview for diagnosis of psychiatric disorders. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the subjects were compared between NSSI and non-NSSI groups. We examined significant predictors of suicide attempts using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among 113 depressed participants, 48 (42.1%) adolescents were classified into the NSSI group. In the NSSI group, there were significantly more females, showed higher depression, higher state-anxiety, and more suicide ideation. The most predictive factors of suicide attempts were history of NSSI, observed suicide/NSSI behaviors of their family or friends, and total state anxiety score. CONCLUSIONS: NSSI is more common problem among clinically depressed adolescents and history of NSSI is a significant predictor of present suicide attempts. To include the assessment of NSSI for clinically depressed adolescent may be crucial for intervention programs for high risk adolescents of suicide in Korea.
Adolescent ; Anxiety ; Depression ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Friends ; Humans ; Korea ; Logistic Models ; Prevalence ; Suicide ; Weights and Measures

PURPOSE: This study analyzed a path through which factors influencing death anxiety in the community-dwelling elderly, assuming personal organismic factors and microsystemic factors based on the ecology model purported by Belsky (1980). METHODS: This study was performed with 189 elderly people. Data were collected through a self-report questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the SPSS and AMOS programs. RESULTS: The factors influencing death anxiety in the elderly were depression, family support, social network, and familism value, and the explanatory power of these variables was 22%. Death anxiety increased with higher depression, higher familism value, larger social network, and lower family support. Spiritual well-being and elderly discrimination experience had indirect effects on death anxiety, and these effects were mediated by depression. CONCLUSION: Depression, family support, social network, and familism value were found to influence death anxiety in the elderly, and the strongest effect came from depression. To reduce death anxiety in the elderly, it is important to improve their relationship with their family and friends. Moreover, support should be provided by establishing local systems, and intervention should be provided to alleviate depression.
Aged ; Anxiety ; Depression ; Discrimination (Psychology) ; Ecology ; Friends ; Humans

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder defined by impairing levels of inattention, disorganization, and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. ADHD often persists into adulthood, with resultant impairments of social, academic and occupational functioning. ADHD is a very common disease during childhood and, the pooled overall prevalence of ADHD was found to be 5.29%. When screening for ADHD, clinicians should try to develop rapport with patients and their caregivers to increase the likelihood that they will follow the diagnostic process and treatment. The current drugs that have received Food and Drug Administration-approval for ADHD include stimulants (methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine) and non-stimulants (atomoxetine, guanfacine, and clonidine). Stimulants improve inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity in addition to decreasing disruptive behaviors and promoting academic achievement and the maintenance of appropriate friendships. In order to enhance drug compliance, the use of long-acting stimulants is increasing. Atomoxetine is a selective norepinephrine reuptake blocker, the effects of which may take 2 to 6 weeks to be noticeable. Furthermore, α2 agonists may help to improve behavioral side effects, tics, and sleep problems during stimulant or atomoxetine use. Common side effects of stimulants and atomoxetine include headache, stomachache, and loss of appetite. Routine electorcardiography before medication is not recommended unless there is a specific indication. Methylphenidate and atomoxetine are safe as first line therapies, and their side effects are well tolerated.
Appetite ; Atomoxetine Hydrochloride ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Caregivers ; Compliance ; Drug Therapy ; Friends ; Guanfacine ; Headache ; Humans ; Impulsive Behavior ; Mass Screening ; Methylphenidate ; Neurodevelopmental Disorders ; Norepinephrine ; Prevalence ; Problem Behavior ; Tics

PURPOSE: The study aimed to examine the effects of sleep pattern, stress, and attitude towards menstruation, and behavior that causes a reduction in exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the course of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in female adolescents.METHOD: In total, 200 girls attending middle school in K city were recruited via convenience sampling between December 11 and 31, 2018, and 192 subjects were selected for the analysis. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, an independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression.RESULTS: Overall, 9 (4.7%), 152 (79.2%), and 31 (16.1%) students had morning-, intermediate-, and evening-type sleep pattern, respectively. The mean scores for school-related stress were highest. Scores for stress regarding relationships with friends were the lowest. The mean score for attitudes toward menstruation was 72.33 out of 147. The mean score for behavior that led to a reduction in EDCs exposure was 56.57 out of 85. The mean scores for PMS severity were 25.30 and 38.39 out of 60. Analysis of factors affecting PMS revealed that severity of menstrual pain (β=.28), use of analgesics during menstruation (β=.17), family history of PMS (β=−.16), stress (β=.19), and behavior that reduces EDCs exposure (β=−.17) exerted significant effects on PMS. The explanatory power of these variables was 37%.CONCLUSION: The findings propose the necessity of a health intervention program including educational information, which can reduce PMS in adolescents, induce the behaviors which can decrease exposure to EDCs, and activities for managing the stress levels.
Adolescent ; Analgesics ; Dysmenorrhea ; Endocrine Disruptors ; Female ; Friends ; Humans ; Menstruation ; Methods ; Premenstrual Syndrome

No abstract available.
Asia ; Friends ; Humans ; Theranostic Nanomedicine