Purpose: This retrospective cohort study aimed to investigate the association between the use of pain medications with varying cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selectivity and the incidence of endometriosis (EMS) in women. Materials and Methods: Medical records from January 1, 1994, to December 31, 2022, were retrospectively analyzed. The cohort included 33406 patients diagnosed with any pain-related condition who were prescribed either selective COX-2 inhibitors or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Patients were followed for up to 5 years from the cohort entry date. The incidence of EMS was compared between the two medication groups using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for confounding factors such as age, past drug use, and prior diagnosis. Results: The incidence rates of EMS were 3.00 per 1000 person-years in the COX-2 inhibitor group and 3.97 per 1000 person-years in the NSAIDs group. After adjustment for confounders, the hazard ratio for EMS incidence in the COX-2 inhibitor group compared to the NSAIDs group was 0.77 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.63 to 0.93; p<0.01], indicating a significantly lower risk in the COX-2 inhibitor group. Subgroup analysis revealed that this association was particularly significant in younger women aged 20– 44 years, with a hazard ratio of 0.71 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.95; p<0.05) in this age group. Conclusion The findings suggest that COX-2 inhibitors may reduce the incidence of EMS compared to traditional NSAIDs, highlighting their potential as a strategic option for managing EMS, particularly among younger women. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.

This study aimed to provide basic data for promoting healthy food choices by evaluating the energy and nutrient content of ready-to-cook or ready-to-heat home meal replacement snacks. Eight hundred and ninety-four flour-based home meal replacement (HMR) products were analyzed, including 367 noodle dishes, 230 tteokbokki products, and 297 dumpling items. The serving sizes were determined by the product labeling. If not indicated, the total weight was used as the serving size if it could be considered a single serving. A serving size of 150 g was applied to dumplings sold in large packages. The average serving size was 249.9 g for noodles and 210.0 g for tteokbokki. The energy content varied significantly: noodles, tteokbokki, and dumplings had 439.8 kcal, 433.0 kcal, and 292.7 kcal, respectively (P＜0.001). The carbohydrate content were higher in noodles (87.9 g) and tteokbokki (87.6 g) compared to dumplings (32.0 g) (P＜0.001), while the sugar content was highest in tteokbokki (13.5 g) (P＜0.001). The protein content was highest in noodles (11.7 g), followed by dumplings (10.9 g) and tteokbokki (9.9 g) (P＜0.001). The sodium content was highest in noodles (1,777.9 mg), followed by tteokbokki (1,152.3 mg) and dumplings (583.7 mg) (P＜0.001). The price per serving was highest for noodles (3,303.9 KRW) (P＜0.001). The nutrient content varied within the same product type depending on the flavor, temperature (hot vs. cold), and whether a broth was included.These findings highlight the considerable differences in nutritional profiles among HMR snack foods and underscore the importance of selecting products based on their intended dietary use.

Purpose: To evaluate the compatibility and usability of test results obtained from the IDRA and Keratograph 5M in clinical settings by comparing their performance in patients with dry eye disease. Methods: From December 27 to 30, 2022, a study was conducted on 30 patients diagnosed with dry eye utilizing both the Keratograph 5M and IDRA devices. The parameters compared and analyzed included lipid layer thickness, tear meniscus height, tear film break-up time, and meibography. A paired t-test was used for statistical comparison. The lipid layer thickness in the Keratograph 5M was graded on a scale from 0 to 4 based on thickness. Results: No significant differences were found between the two devices in tear film break-up time, tear meniscus height, and meibography (p = 0.148, 0.072, 0.124, respectively). However, the tear lipid layer thickness measured by IDRA showed a proportional relationship with the grade assigned by the Keratograph 5M (Kendall R = 0.217, p = 0.037; Spearman R = 0.260, p = 0.045). Conclusions The IDRA device offers the advantage of performing multiple dry eye tests; simultaneously, thereby saving time compared to the Keratograph 5M. Both devices can be used compatibly with IDRA particularly advantageous for providing a numerical value for tear lipid layer thickness which enhances the convenience of dry eye diagnosis and treatment.

Background: and Purpose Previous research on patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has shown a 0.5% incidence of major gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) requiring blood transfusion during hospitalization. The existing literature has insufficiently explored the long-term incidence in this population despite the decremental impact of GIB on stroke outcomes. Methods: We analyzed the data from a cohort of patients with AIS admitted to 14 hospitals as part of a nationwide multicenter prospective stroke registry between 2011 and 2013. These patients were followed up for up to 6 years. The occurrence of major GIB events, defined as GIB necessitating at least two units of blood transfusion, was tracked using the National Health Insurance Service claims data. Results: Among 10,818 patients with AIS (male, 59%; mean age, 68±13 years), 947 (8.8%) experienced 1,224 episodes of major GIB over a median follow-up duration of 3.1 years. Remarkably, 20% of 947 patients experienced multiple episodes of major GIB. The incidence peaked in the first month after AIS, reaching 19.2 per 100 person-years, and gradually decreased to approximately one-sixth of this rate by the 2nd year with subsequent stabilization. Multivariable analysis identified the following predictors of major GIB: anemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 , and a 3-month modified Rankin Scale score of ≥4. Conclusion Patients with AIS are susceptible to major GIB, particularly in the first month after the onset of AIS, with the risk decreasing thereafter. Implementing preventive strategies may be important, especially for patients with anemia and impaired renal function at stroke onset and those with a disabling stroke.

This study aimed to provide basic data for promoting healthy food choices by evaluating the energy and nutrient content of ready-to-cook or ready-to-heat home meal replacement snacks. Eight hundred and ninety-four flour-based home meal replacement (HMR) products were analyzed, including 367 noodle dishes, 230 tteokbokki products, and 297 dumpling items. The serving sizes were determined by the product labeling. If not indicated, the total weight was used as the serving size if it could be considered a single serving. A serving size of 150 g was applied to dumplings sold in large packages. The average serving size was 249.9 g for noodles and 210.0 g for tteokbokki. The energy content varied significantly: noodles, tteokbokki, and dumplings had 439.8 kcal, 433.0 kcal, and 292.7 kcal, respectively (P＜0.001). The carbohydrate content were higher in noodles (87.9 g) and tteokbokki (87.6 g) compared to dumplings (32.0 g) (P＜0.001), while the sugar content was highest in tteokbokki (13.5 g) (P＜0.001). The protein content was highest in noodles (11.7 g), followed by dumplings (10.9 g) and tteokbokki (9.9 g) (P＜0.001). The sodium content was highest in noodles (1,777.9 mg), followed by tteokbokki (1,152.3 mg) and dumplings (583.7 mg) (P＜0.001). The price per serving was highest for noodles (3,303.9 KRW) (P＜0.001). The nutrient content varied within the same product type depending on the flavor, temperature (hot vs. cold), and whether a broth was included.These findings highlight the considerable differences in nutritional profiles among HMR snack foods and underscore the importance of selecting products based on their intended dietary use.

Purpose: To evaluate the compatibility and usability of test results obtained from the IDRA and Keratograph 5M in clinical settings by comparing their performance in patients with dry eye disease. Methods: From December 27 to 30, 2022, a study was conducted on 30 patients diagnosed with dry eye utilizing both the Keratograph 5M and IDRA devices. The parameters compared and analyzed included lipid layer thickness, tear meniscus height, tear film break-up time, and meibography. A paired t-test was used for statistical comparison. The lipid layer thickness in the Keratograph 5M was graded on a scale from 0 to 4 based on thickness. Results: No significant differences were found between the two devices in tear film break-up time, tear meniscus height, and meibography (p = 0.148, 0.072, 0.124, respectively). However, the tear lipid layer thickness measured by IDRA showed a proportional relationship with the grade assigned by the Keratograph 5M (Kendall R = 0.217, p = 0.037; Spearman R = 0.260, p = 0.045). Conclusions The IDRA device offers the advantage of performing multiple dry eye tests; simultaneously, thereby saving time compared to the Keratograph 5M. Both devices can be used compatibly with IDRA particularly advantageous for providing a numerical value for tear lipid layer thickness which enhances the convenience of dry eye diagnosis and treatment.

Background: and Purpose Previous research on patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) has shown a 0.5% incidence of major gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) requiring blood transfusion during hospitalization. The existing literature has insufficiently explored the long-term incidence in this population despite the decremental impact of GIB on stroke outcomes. Methods: We analyzed the data from a cohort of patients with AIS admitted to 14 hospitals as part of a nationwide multicenter prospective stroke registry between 2011 and 2013. These patients were followed up for up to 6 years. The occurrence of major GIB events, defined as GIB necessitating at least two units of blood transfusion, was tracked using the National Health Insurance Service claims data. Results: Among 10,818 patients with AIS (male, 59%; mean age, 68±13 years), 947 (8.8%) experienced 1,224 episodes of major GIB over a median follow-up duration of 3.1 years. Remarkably, 20% of 947 patients experienced multiple episodes of major GIB. The incidence peaked in the first month after AIS, reaching 19.2 per 100 person-years, and gradually decreased to approximately one-sixth of this rate by the 2nd year with subsequent stabilization. Multivariable analysis identified the following predictors of major GIB: anemia, estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 , and a 3-month modified Rankin Scale score of ≥4. Conclusion Patients with AIS are susceptible to major GIB, particularly in the first month after the onset of AIS, with the risk decreasing thereafter. Implementing preventive strategies may be important, especially for patients with anemia and impaired renal function at stroke onset and those with a disabling stroke.

This study aimed to provide basic data for promoting healthy food choices by evaluating the energy and nutrient content of ready-to-cook or ready-to-heat home meal replacement snacks. Eight hundred and ninety-four flour-based home meal replacement (HMR) products were analyzed, including 367 noodle dishes, 230 tteokbokki products, and 297 dumpling items. The serving sizes were determined by the product labeling. If not indicated, the total weight was used as the serving size if it could be considered a single serving. A serving size of 150 g was applied to dumplings sold in large packages. The average serving size was 249.9 g for noodles and 210.0 g for tteokbokki. The energy content varied significantly: noodles, tteokbokki, and dumplings had 439.8 kcal, 433.0 kcal, and 292.7 kcal, respectively (P＜0.001). The carbohydrate content were higher in noodles (87.9 g) and tteokbokki (87.6 g) compared to dumplings (32.0 g) (P＜0.001), while the sugar content was highest in tteokbokki (13.5 g) (P＜0.001). The protein content was highest in noodles (11.7 g), followed by dumplings (10.9 g) and tteokbokki (9.9 g) (P＜0.001). The sodium content was highest in noodles (1,777.9 mg), followed by tteokbokki (1,152.3 mg) and dumplings (583.7 mg) (P＜0.001). The price per serving was highest for noodles (3,303.9 KRW) (P＜0.001). The nutrient content varied within the same product type depending on the flavor, temperature (hot vs. cold), and whether a broth was included.These findings highlight the considerable differences in nutritional profiles among HMR snack foods and underscore the importance of selecting products based on their intended dietary use.

Purpose: To evaluate the compatibility and usability of test results obtained from the IDRA and Keratograph 5M in clinical settings by comparing their performance in patients with dry eye disease. Methods: From December 27 to 30, 2022, a study was conducted on 30 patients diagnosed with dry eye utilizing both the Keratograph 5M and IDRA devices. The parameters compared and analyzed included lipid layer thickness, tear meniscus height, tear film break-up time, and meibography. A paired t-test was used for statistical comparison. The lipid layer thickness in the Keratograph 5M was graded on a scale from 0 to 4 based on thickness. Results: No significant differences were found between the two devices in tear film break-up time, tear meniscus height, and meibography (p = 0.148, 0.072, 0.124, respectively). However, the tear lipid layer thickness measured by IDRA showed a proportional relationship with the grade assigned by the Keratograph 5M (Kendall R = 0.217, p = 0.037; Spearman R = 0.260, p = 0.045). Conclusions The IDRA device offers the advantage of performing multiple dry eye tests; simultaneously, thereby saving time compared to the Keratograph 5M. Both devices can be used compatibly with IDRA particularly advantageous for providing a numerical value for tear lipid layer thickness which enhances the convenience of dry eye diagnosis and treatment.

Anticancer treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia is based on drugs such as methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, vincristine, and asparaginase. Asparaginase-related pancreatitis is known to have an incidence of up to 18%, and is a major cause of discontinuation of anticancer treatment for leukemia due to acute onset and chronic complications. There were various cases of treatment of peripancreatic fluid retention caused by anticancer drugs in leukemia patients. Use of lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS) for walled-off necrosis (WON) drainage has recently increased. The electrocautery-enhanced delivery system allowed simpler and faster stent placement, streamlining the overall procedure and potentially reducing procedure time. Therefore, favorable outcomes have been reported with the use of LAMS for endoscopic drainage of various conditions. In this paper, we discuss a case in which hot-system LAMS was performed to treat L-asparaginase-induced acute pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocyst in an adult patient with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.