This paper will focus only on the recommendations or guidelines on the evaluation for female infertility. Most of the recommendations were based on the Fertility Assessment and Treatment for People with Fertility Problems Guideline by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence.
Human ; Female ; INFERTILITY, FEMALE

OBJECTIVES: A prospective randomized study was used to determine the effect of early removal of urinary catheter in cesarean delivery on first-void discomfort, time of first spontaneous void, time of ambulation, length of hospital stay and the need for recatheterization.

METHODS: We randomly assigned 240 women delivered by elective or emergency cesarean section to a 24-hour indwelling catheterized group or to a 4-hour catheterized group. Prospective statistical methods were used to assess patient discomfort with the first postoperative void, time of ambulation, length of hospital stay, and need for recatheterization.

RESULTS: Of 120 women who had 4-hour catheterization, three (3.3 percent) patients needed postoperative recatheterization. The time of first spontaneous voiding was 9.92 hours (SD +/- 2.02) in the 4-hour catheterized group. Sixty patients (50 percent) of women in 4-hour catheterized group had discomfort on first void as compared to 100 patients (83 percent) in the 24-hour catheterized group. Ambulation time in 4-hour catheterized group was 13.15 hours (SD +/- 2.26) versus 25.46 hours (SD +/- 3.27) in the 24-hour catheterized group. The 4 hour catheterized group had a shorter hospital stay. Urinary tract infecton was not assessed in this study.

CONCLUSION: Early removal of urinary catheter after a cesarean section offers more advantages to the patient. Routine use of indwelling urinary catheter in patients with a stable hemodynamic condition is no longer necessary.

Objective: To determine whether giving of magnesium sulfate to patients with mild preeclampsia is beneficial. Design: Retrospective cohort study. Setting: Tertiary-care training hospital. Participants: Patients admitted from January 2001-June 2005 with BP > 140/90 and with a +1 albuminuria by dipstick method. Patients were grouped into three arms: those who received complete magnesium sulfate doses (14 grams loading dose + 20 grams succeeding doses), those who received loading dose of magnesium sulfate only (14 grams), and those without treatment. Interventions: Review of charts. Main outcome measure: The primary outcome was the occurrence of eclampsia and magnesium toxicity. Results: There were 123 patients fiagnosed with mild preeclampsia from January 2001 to June 2005. Ninety four charts (76.42 percent) were retrieved and reviewed. Of the 94 reviewed, 21 (22 percent) did not receive magnesium sulfate, 23 (24 percent) received the loading dose of magnesium sulfate only, and 50 (53 percent) received the complete doses of magnesium sulfate. There were no statistically significant differences in the occurrence of eclampsia among the three groups, as well as the occurrence of magnesium toxicity among the treated groups; however, the numbers were small. Conclusion: All patients included in the study did not develop eclampsia, and those patients who received magnesium sulfate, whether loading dose only or complete doses, did not develop magnesium toxicity. (Author)
Magnesium Sulfate ; Preeclampsia ; Eclampsia ; Malbuminuria

Fibroids may produce a complications during pregnancy. A miscarriage may result especially if implantation occurs over a submucosal fibroid. The evidence would suggest that removal of submucosal fibroids or intramural fibroids with intracavitary component would increase pregnancy rates. Such fibroids may be easily removed through hysteroscopy.
LEIOMYOMA ; FERTILIZATION IN VITRO ; HYSTEROSCOPY

Epidural analgesia provides effective pain control during labor. It however become the subject of controversy in recent years due to the perceived adverse effect on labor and delivery. There has been numerous debates concerning the effects of epidural analgesia on the progress of labor, use of oxytocin, instrumental delivery, cesarean section, neonatal and maternal effects.
ANALGESIA ; ANALGESIA, EPIDURAL ; LABOR PAIN ; CESAREAN SECTION