OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of intraoral temperature changes on the orthodontic force level of a superelastic nickel-titanium alloy wire. METHODS: Nickel-titanium archwires of 0.016" x 0.022" thickness were tested with a three point bending test setup, and temperature changes were applied. The force level changes according to temperature changes were measured at a 1.5 mm deflection during the loading phase and a 1.5 mm deflection during the unloading phase from a deflection to 3.1 mm. Ten cycles of thermal cycling from baseline (37 degrees C) to cold (20 degrees C) or hot (50 degrees C) temperature were applied. RESULTS: After thermal cycling, the force level during the loading phase decreased and the force level during the unloading phase increased even after the temperature was changed to the initial 37 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the orthodontic force level can not return to the initial force level after temperature changes. When applying superelastic nickel-titanium archwires, we must consider that a lighter force than the loading force and a heavier force than the unloading force will be applied after intraoral temperature changes caused by eating and drinking.
Alloys ; Drinking ; Eating

No abstract available.
Eating*

No abstract available.
Eating*

BACKGROUND: Onychodystrophy refers to the various abnormalities in nail morphology due to changes in the attachment of the nail plate, changes in nail surface or color. The treatment principle of onychodystrophy largely relies on the discovery and verification of the cause. However, preventive treatment methods offer little help to the patient due to poor compliance, and the effect of corticosteroid is only temporary. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of carotene-rich food intake in chronic idiopathic onychodystrophy. METHODS: Ten patients with chronic idiopathic onychodystrophy were recommended to drink one or two cups of carrot juice daily. RESULTS: Patients showed improvement of onychodystrophy after drinking carrot juice twice a day for at least 4 weeks. No specific adverse effects were noted. CONCLUSION: Since there are no reliable treatment methods for chronic idiopathic onychodystrophy, we suggest a simple and compliant treatment method consisting of taking carotene-rich food, such as carrot juice, for patients with chronic idiopathic onychodystrophy.
Compliance ; Daucus carota ; Drinking ; Eating ; Humans ; Nails

OBJECTIVES: For the relapse prevention in alcohol dependence, a lot of studies suggested that combined administration of two or more drugs which have different mechanism of action is more effective than each drug alone. In order to investigate the effectiveness of combined administration of naltrexone and acamprosate in comparison with naltrexone alone, this study was carried out by comparing the amount of alcohol intake in C57BL/6 mice co-administered with naltrexone and acamprosate with that in C57BL/6 mice with naltrexone alone. METHODS: In 42 C57BL/6 mice in the state of alcohol dependence, naltrexone 0.025mg/kg or 1.0mg/kg alone or with acamprosate 50mg/kg or 200mg/kg were administrated for ten days. The amounts of alcohol consumption for 2 hour, water consumption for 22 hours, and food intake for 24 hours were measured. RESULTS: 1) A significant reduction of alcohol intake for 2 hours was observed when the mice were treated with naltrexone 0.025mg/kg or 1.0mg/kg and acamprosate 50mg/kg or 200mg/kg simultaneously compared with naltrexone 0.025mg/kg or 1.0mg/kg alone. This effect was significant on the eighth and tenth days of drug administration. 2) Naltrexone administration of 1.0mg/kg was significantly more effective than that of 0.025 mg/kg in reducing alcohol intake from the second day of drug administration up to the tenth day. 3) No significant difference was revealed between the effect of naltrexone alone and that of naltrexone with acamprosate on 22 hour water consumption and 24 hour food intake. CONCLUSION: From these results, it is suggested that the effect of combined treatment with naltrexone and acamprosate is superior to that of naltrexone alone in prevention of relapse in alcohol dependence.
Alcohol Drinking ; Alcoholism ; Animals ; Drinking ; Eating ; Mice* ; Naltrexone* ; Recurrence

Dysphagia is a dysfunction that occurs during the swallowing process, which involves the oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal stages of the swallowing route. Dysphagia is a prevalent symptom in elderly patients with degenerative diseases such as stroke, dementia, and Parkinson's disease. Dysphagia that occurs in the elderly is often caused by oral phase dysfunction. Oral phase dysfunction is a problem that occurs during the first stage of swallowing. The symptoms of age-associated dysphagia are the following signs: increased oral residual and longer mastication with slower oral bolus transit movement. Dysphagia can lead to malnutrition, dehydration, weight loss, functional decline, and fear of eating and drinking as well as a decrease in quality of life (QOL). Modification in viscosity and texture of food is usually helpful in resolving the nutritional problem of patients presenting signs of oral phase dysfunction. The degree of dietary modification can affect compliance of the diet. Adequate assessment and dietary modifications are important for successful dietary intervention for the elderly patients.
Aged ; Aging* ; Compliance ; Deglutition ; Deglutition Disorders* ; Dehydration ; Dementia ; Diet* ; Drinking ; Eating ; Food Habits* ; Humans ; Malnutrition ; Mastication ; Parkinson Disease ; Quality of Life ; Stroke ; Viscosity ; Weight Loss

PURPOSE: Dental implants present several advantages over other tooth replacement options. However, there has been little research on masticatory function in relation to implant treatment. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the improvement of masticatory function two weeks after implant restoration. METHODS: Masticatory ability was evaluated with the subjective food intake ability (FIA) and objective mixing ability index (MAI) methods. Fifty-four subjects with first and second missing molars completed the study. The subjects were asked to complete a self-reported questionnaire about 30 different food items, and to chew wax samples 10 times both before and two weeks after implant restoration. A total of 108 waxes were analyzed with an image analysis program. RESULTS: Dental implant restoration for lost molar teeth on one side increased the FIA score by 9.0% (P<0.0001). The MAI score also increased, by 14.3% after implant restoration (P<0.0001). Comparison between the good and poor mastication groups, which were subdivided based on the median MAI score before implant restoration, showed that the FIA score of the poor group was enhanced 1.1-fold while its MAI score was enhanced 2.0-fold two weeks after an implant surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Using the FIA and MAI assessment methods, this study showed that masticatory function was improved two weeks after implant restoration. In particular, the enhancement of masticatory function by implant restoration was greater in patients with relatively poor initial mastication than in those with good initial mastication.
Dental Implants ; Diagnosis ; Eating ; Humans ; Mastication ; Molar ; Tooth ; Waxes

OBJECTIVES: The current study aimed to investigate individuals with night eating syndrome tendency in 115 female undergraduate sample based on night eating syndrome criteria, and analyze its association between mood, sleep, and alcohol use. METHODS: Subjects were divided into high and low tendency group of night eating syndrome based on the night eating questionnaire. All participants completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Insomnia Severity Index, Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, and Alcohol-Use Disorders Identification Test. Data was collected at two time points which were 3 months apart. All analyses were conducted using repeated measure ANOVA. RESULTS: Results indicated a significant difference between night eating syndrome tendency groups for anxiety and depression [F(1,113)=12.35, p=0.001 and F(1,113)=9.59, p=0.002, respectively]. Depression also had a significant time effect [F(1,113)=11.15, p=0.001]. Additionally, the high night eating syndrome tendency group had higher levels of insomnia severity [F(1,113)=24.34, p<0.001], eveningness [F(1,113)=15.09, p<0.001], and alcohol use [F(1,113)=6.73, p=0.011], and lower sleep efficiency [F(1,113)=6.30, p=0.014] compared to the low night eating syndrome tendency group. CONCLUSIONS: The high night eating syndrome tendency group had higher negative mood, sleep disturbance, and alcohol use compared to the low night eating syndrome tendency group. In summary, intervention for night eating syndrome may be important to consider in undergraduate students.
Alcohol Drinking ; Anxiety ; Circadian Rhythm ; Depression ; Eating* ; Feeding and Eating Disorders ; Female* ; Humans ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders

OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to investigate the effect of drink containing sodium benzoate on the change of urinary hippuric acid (UHA) and methyl hippuric acid (UMHA) excretion among workers coexposed to low toluene and xylene. METHODS: Study subjects were 55 male shipbuilders who were divided into 3 groups; nonexposed group (n=10, who were not exposed to organic solvent and had drunk sodium benzoate), exposed A group (n=24, who were coexposed to toluene and xylene, and had drunk sodium benzoate), and exposed B group (n=21, who were coexposed to toluene and xylene, and had not drunk sodium benzoate). The study methodology consisted of questionnaire survey, urinary analysis for metabolites of toluene and xylene before and after drinking with or without sodium benzoate, and personal air sampling of toluene and xylene. RESULTS: Before drinking, there was no significant difference in UHA or UMHA between the exposed A and B groups. After 1.5 hour of drinking, UHA of the exposed A group was significantly higher than that of the exposed B group. After 3 hours, however, UHA of the exposed A group was decreased to the level of the exposed B group, regardless of the ambient toluene level. UMHA exhibited no significant difference between the exposed A and B groups regardless of time and ambient toluene level. The regression model showed that drinking of sodium benzoate was positively correlated with UHA after 1.5 hours of drinking, but not after 3 hours. In addition, sodium benzoate didn't affect UMHA. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that sodium benzoate initially increased UHA temporally but that its effect disappeared after 3 hours. In the medical examination of toluene exposure workers, the ingestion of drink containing sodium benzoate should be forbidden during the 3 hours prior to urinary sampling.
Drinking ; Eating ; Humans ; Male ; Questionnaires ; Sodium Benzoate* ; Sodium* ; Toluene* ; Xylenes*

The purpose of this study was the improvement and modification of the HACCP verification checklist in school foodservices. For this, the HACCP verification checklist was modified on the basis of an existing school foodservice format. The modified checklist was composed of 28 items, including CCPs (critical control points), microbial test, and other components of the HACCP system than CCPs. To confirm the suitability of the modified checklist, comparisons were made based on the microbiological quality of cooked foods, utensils, and number of aerial microbes in the working area. In this study, the applicability of the modified checklist was determined by focusing on cooked squid with seasoned fresh vegetables (Ojingeochaesomoochim). The following results were obtained from 14 schools in Changwon. The checklist scores for maintaining hot foods over 60degrees C or serving within 2 hours, microbial tests of drinking water, food contact surfaces and cooking utensils, monitoring tools, and usage of suitable sanitizers were 2 points each (The possible highest score is 2 points). On the contrary, the checklist score for microbial test of cooked foods was the lowest of all the items. The correlation coefficient (r) between the improved checklist and microbiological quality of cooked foods was 0.699 (P<0.01), whereas that between the improved checklist and microbiological quality of cooking utensils was 0.612 (P<0.05). The correlation coefficient between the improved checklist and aerial plate count in the working area was -0.556 (P<0.05). Our results indicate the potential possibility of using the HACCP verification checklist in school foodservices.
Checklist ; Cooking and Eating Utensils ; Decapodiformes ; Drinking Water ; Humans ; Seasons ; Vegetables