Nutritional intervention for individual patients has a wide range of postoperative food adaptability, so an individual evaluation is required. The medical institution intends to examine the contents of nutritional arbitration conducted on patients who underwent gastric surgery, examine the results, identify the nutritional problems that can be seen through the course of the patient's meal process, and share the clinical experience. In this case study, a 46-year-old female patient was diagnosed with morbid obesity, impaired fasting glucose and hypertension. She was 153 cm tall and weighed 88 kg, with a body mass index 37.6 kg/m2 at initial evaluation. The patient maintained normal biochemical data before and after surgery and shows postoperative weight loss, body fat reduction, and abdominal fat reduction. In this case, blood sugar and blood lipid levels improved after weight loss. The repeated nutritional intervention for a sleeve gastrectomy patient, which is performed by clinical dietitians, is as follows. A balanced diet, supplemented with vitamins and minerals, is very important for preventing nutritional complications after obesity surgery. In conclusion, for stomach surgery patients, a multidisciplinary approach and continuous nutritional management, motivation for weight loss, postoperative dietary adaptation, and individual access to patients are most important.

In the present study, we sought to examine the association between dietary patterns (DPs) and visceral adiposity, lipid accumulation product (LAP), and triglyceride-glucose index. This cross-sectional study was conducted on adults aged between 18–45 years old who lived in Tehran, Iran, between February 2017 and December 2018 (n = 270). DPs were derived using principal component analysis. We used analysis of variance to examine differences in continues variables across tertiles of major DPs. Subsequently, for the modeling of these relationships, and also considering the possible effect of the confounding factors, multivariate regression was used. Three DPs were identified: healthy pattern, mixed pattern, and western pattern, respectively. Compared with individuals in the lowest category of mixed pattern, those in the highest category had lower fasting blood sugar (96.26 ± 11.57 vs. 101 ± 28.66, p = 0.01). A significant association was found between healthy pattern, after adjustment for potential confounders, and odds of LAP; such that individuals in the top category of healthy pattern score were 71% less likely to have a high LAP compared with those in the lowest category (odds ratio, 0.29; 95% confidence interval, 0.10–0.81). We found that adherence to a healthy DP was associated with decreased LAP. To confirm the veracity of these findings, more studies should be conducted.

Smoking is a risk factor for various disease outcomes and is one of the modifiers of DNA methylation. We aimed to identify smoking-related DNA methylation sites (CpG-sites) and test whether one identified CpG-site is associated with smoking-related traits and pulmonary function. We obtained DNA methylation data of 209 men from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study analyzed by Illumina's HumanMethylation450 array. To identify smoking-related DNA methylation sites, epigenome-wide association analysis of smoking status was conducted, adjusting for age, area, current drinking status, and body mass index. We assessed the association between smoking intensity and DNA methylation of cg05951221 (AHRR), the CpG showing the strongest largest difference in DNA methylation among the 5 hypomethylated CpGs in current smokers compared to never smokers. The association between DNA methylation and pulmonary function was examined longitudinally resulting in a positive association between DNA methylation and forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity, regardless of adjustment for smoking status. This suggests that DNA methylation associates with long-term pulmonary function. Our study contributes to explaining the relationship between smoking and pulmonary function via DNA methylation.

High fructose feeding has been suggested to involve in several features of metabolic syndrome including hyperuricemia (HP). We designed and implemented a study to determine the effect size of fructose intake and the relative risk of HP based on the type of fructose feeding (diet or solution), duration of treatment (2–6, 7–10, and > 10 weeks), and animal race. The required information was accepted from international databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, Science Direct, Scopus, and etc., from 2009 until 2019 on the basis of predetermined eligibility criteria. The data selection and extraction and quality assessment were performed independently by two researchers. Results were pooled as random effects weighting and reported as standardized mean differences with 95% confidence intervals. Thirty-five studies including 244 rats with fructose consumption were included in the final analysis. The heterogeneity rate of parameters was high (I2 = 81.3%, p < 0.001) and estimated based on; 1) type of fructose feeding (diet; I2 = 79.3%, solution 10%; I2 = 83.4%, solution 20%; I2 = 81.3%), 2) duration of treatment (2–6 weeks; I2 = 86.8%, 7–10 weeks; I2 = 76.3%, and > 10 weeks; I2 = 82.8%), 3) the animal race (Wistar; I2 = 78.6%, Sprague-Dawley; I2 = 83.9%). Overall, the pooled estimate for the all parameters was significant (p < 0.001). The results of this study indicated that a significant relationship between HP and fructose intake regardless of the treatment duration, animal race, fructose concentration and route of consumption.

We investigated the association between fast-food (FF) consumptions and the risk of overweight/obesity and dyslipidemia in Korean adults (20–39 years) based on the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2014). We also examined the effect of breakfast intake on the risk of overweight/obesity and dyslipidemia according to their frequencies of FF consumption. FF consumption was categorized into 3 groups: < 1 time/month (n = 79); 1–3 times/month (n = 1,173); and ≥ 1 time/week (n = 474). People consuming FF ≥ 1 time/week had unhealthy lifestyles, higher intake of total calorie, fat, and protein, and higher levels of blood pressure, total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol than those consuming FF < 1 time/month. Logistic regression analysis showed higher risk of overweight/obesity in people consuming FF 1–3 times/month (odds ratio [OR], 2.525; confidence intervals [CIs], 1.169–5.452; p = 0.018) and ≥ 1 time/week (OR, 2.646; CIs, 1.128–6.208; p = 0.025) than those consuming FF < 1 time/month after the adjustment. The risk of dyslipidemia was also higher in people consuming FF ≥ 1 time/week than those consuming FF < 1 time/month after the adjustment (OR, 2.444; CIs, 1.047–5.704; p = 0.039). Furthermore, among people consuming FF ≥ 1 time/week, irregular breakfast consumers (≤ 2 times/week, n = 215) had significantly higher levels of triglyceride, TC, and LDL-C than regular breakfast consumers (5–6 times/week, n=180). Irregular breakfast consumers also showed a higher risk of dyslipidemia than regular breakfast consumers after the adjustment (OR, 2.913; CIs, 1.463–5.801; p = 0.002). In conclusion, frequent FF consumption increases the risk of obesity and dyslipidemia in Korean adults aged 20–39 years. Particularly amongthe frequent FF consumers, irregular breakfast intake may contribute to the increased risk of dyslipidemia. It may provide an evidence for proper dietary education to reduce the risk of overweight/obesity and dyslipidemia in Koreans adults aged 20–39 years.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a serious public health problem accompanies with several complications. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of chromium picolinate (CrPic) supplementation on the glycemic status and lipid profile in patients with T2DM. The patients with T2DM (n = 52) were randomly allocated into 2 groups. One group received 400 μg CrPic per day and the other group took placebo; the intervention duration was 8 weeks. Anthropometric indices and metabolic factors were measured at the beginning, and at end of the study. The patients were recommended not to change their normal diet, life style and medication. No significant changes were observed for weight, body mass index, and fasting blood glucose (FBG) in both groups; while intra-groups changes in homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) value was significant (p < 0.05). Results of analysis of covariance showed that there were significance differences between groups in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and HOMA-IR at the end of the intervention adjusting for baseline levels (p = 0.035, 0.030 and < 0.001, respectively). In this study, oral supplementation with 400 μg CrPic for eight weeks did not alter FBG concentration as well as anthropometric parameters in individuals with T2DM. However, the modest beneficial effects of chromium supplementation on insulin resistance as indicated by HOMA-IR and lipid profile were found.

Calcium intake is essential for bone health, but young Korean women have low calcium intakes. Seaweeds have high calcium content, which may affect calcium metabolism. Twenty nine females aged 18–39 years with low calcium intake (< 400 mg/day) participated in a 19-day open-label randomized controlled trial. During the first five days, participants adhered to a controlled-feeding protocol followed by a two-week supplementation period in free-living conditions. The treatment group (n = 14) received an additional 200 mg Ca/day through Undaria pinnatifida and Porphyra in meals during the controlled-feeding period, and as U. pinnatifida noodles during days 6–19. Mineral intake (Ca, P, Mg, Na, and K) was assessed from diet composites and three 24-hour recalls during the controlled-feeding and free-living periods, respectively. Fasting serum levels of calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]D), phosphorus, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were assessed at baseline, day 6, and day 19. Statistical analyses were performed by Student's t-test and mixed ANOVA. Mean intakes of all minerals during days 1–5 and mean Ca and Mg intakes during days 6–19 were greater in the treatment group compared to the control group. No group effect or group and time interaction was observed in serum biomarkers. Serum 1,25(OH)D increased while PTH and ALP tended to decrease on day 6 but returned to baseline values on day 20. Short-term intake of U. pinnatifida and Porphyra does not affect calcium metabolism in young Korean women with low calcium intakes.

This study was conducted to investigate the status of diabetes education in Korean diabetics and to analyze the association between blood sugar control and diabetes education. A total of 1,904 diabetic patients was classified into two groups (well-controlled group and uncontrolled group) using the 2008-2013 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey data, and various variables were compared. Of the 1,904 patients, 15.9% had received diabetes education. The uncontrolled group had a low economic level, a high rate of drinking and obesity, and a low rate of moderate exercise. And the rate of drug treatment in the uncontrolled group was high, and the rate of education and nutrition education, and the total number of educations for diabetes were significantly lower than those in the control group. Factors affecting blood glucose control were analyzed drinking (odds ratio [OR], 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06–1.7), moderate exercise (OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.34–0.6), overweight and obesity (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.17–1.78), duration of diagnosis (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.05–1.08), treatment method (OR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.45–2.77), nutritional education (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.46–0.85), and education institution (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54–0.93). The results of this study support that education on lifestyle management, such as a balanced diet, regular exercise, and normal weight maintenance, is essential for blood glucose control, and patients with long-term treatment need cyclic and continuous education.

Adequate nutrition is extremely crucial for the growth and development of preterm, small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants owing to an increased risk of postnatal growth failure and poor neurodevelopmental outcome. Despite the beneficial properties of human milk (HM), it should be fortified to prevent extrauterine growth restriction; however, fortification of HM with a bovine-based human milk fortifier (BHMF) may induce feeding intolerance (FI) and necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm newborns. Herein, we have described the nutritional management of a preterm SGA newborn with intolerance to BHMF. A male infant was born at a gestational age of 32 weeks and 5 days, SGA weighing 1,490 grams (< 10th percentile). During BHMF use, he presented with symptoms of FI including abdominal distention, increased gastric residuals, and delayed enteral feeding advancement. Therefore, HM was fortified with carbohydrate powder, whey protein powder, and medium-chain triglycerides oil instead of BHMF to prevent FI and promote weight gain. Caloric density of feeds was increased once every 3 or 4 days by approximately 5 kcal/kg/day until an intake of 100 kcal/kg/day was achieved. Subsequently, his caloric and protein intake increased, growth rate improved, and full enteral feeding was achieved without any further symptom of FI. In conclusion, the symptoms of FI with BHMF in a preterm SGA neonate improved with the administration of a macronutrient fortified HM without compromising his enteral feed advancements, growth rate, and energy or protein intake.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic intestinal inflammation. Common clinical symptoms are weight loss, diarrhea, ulcers, and inflammation. Aloe vera (AV) has several medicinal properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory analgesic, and improvement of gastric and skin ulcers. This study aimed to investigate the protective and therapeutic effects of AV gel on acetic acid-induced UC in rats. UC was induced in 48 rats by injection of 4% acetic acid into the rectum. Protective and treatment groups received treatments 7 days before and after the induction of colitis, respectively. The negative control group, the positive control group, and AV groups received distilled water, sulfasalazine, and 50 and 300 mg/kg of gel extract, respectively. Water and food intake and body weight changes were recorded. The extent of the mucosal ulcers, colon tissue thickening, and mucosal bleeding were scored by the Gerald classification system score (microscopy observations). Slides of tissues were prepared for pathologic assay using the modified Wallace method (macroscopic observations). The results of the macroscopic and microscopic examination showed protective and therapeutic effects of 50 mg/kg dose of AV on acetic acid-induced colitis in rats which reduces the inflammation, ulcers and tissue damage compared with negative control (p < 0.05). There were no significant changes in the amount of water and food intake, body weight changes, and colon weight in protective and treatment groups. Based on the results, AV gel could be used to improve the symptoms of UC, as well as prevent people who are susceptible to the UC.