Yersinia enterocolitica infection in humans and animals was investigated in this study to explore the source of infection .We collected samples from patients and pigs ,and then the strains were conducted to undergo serotyping ,virulence gene detection and PFGE molecular typing .Of the 150 patients samples ,3 were tested positive for Yersinia enterocolitica ,and one of them was O∶3 .Of the 222 pigs samples ,14 were tested positive for Yersinia enterocolitica ,and all of them were O∶3 .PFGE molecular typing showed that the Yersinia enterocolitica from patient and pig had high homology .Our study con-firmed that Yersinia enterocolitica from pigs could infect people and find that it could exist in the cured patient for at least two months .

Salmonella is the main food-borne pathogen that causes food poisoning and gastroenteritis in human and ani-mals .The type III secretion system in Salmonella has played an important role in the invasion of host cell .In recent years ,the research of the composition ,assembly and related pathogenesis of Salmonella T3SS have made some progress .This article re-views the composition and assembly of Salmonella type III secretion system ,which could provide further study the pathogene-sis of Salmonella and also the new strategies and methods toward the treatment and prevention of Salmonella infections .

Entamoeba is a zoonotic protozoan that can parasitize in the intestine and other organs in human and animals . There are many species in this genus ,but only Entamoeba histolytica can cause amebic colitis and liver abscess ,and even death .The cysts and trophozoits are difficult to be discriminated for pathogenic and nonpathogenic Entamoeba .And there is al-so difference in the pathogenicity ,infectivity etc .,even in the same species .Therefore ,it is difficult to confirm the Entamoeba species according to traditional method ,thus affecting the use of medicine .In this article ,the research progress of molecular examination and genotyping method about entamoeba are reviewed .

The genetic structure of small-scale landscape groups of Oncomelania hupensis in Songzi City ,Hubei Province was identify in this study .O .hupensis snails were collected from 10 habitats in Songzi City ,of which 6 polymorphic microsat-ellite DNA loci (T6-17 ,P101 ,D11 ,B14 ,T4-33 ,and C22) were carried out with GeneScan .The number of alleles (Na) ,het-erozygosity (H) ,fixation index (FST) of snails in each group ,genetic distance between groups ,and the polymorphic informa-tion content (PIC) were calculated .Cluster analysis was then carried out based on genetic distance ,and hierarchical AMOVA calculation was conducted .By certified the shells of snails ,10 groups were divided into light and ribbed shell (including shallow rib and deep rib) .There were 141 alleles in total detection on 10 populations and 20-34 alleles in each locus ,which were detec-ted for 23 .5 on average .The average number of alleles in 6 loci was 1 .575 and the number of alleles in each locus was uneven , showing large numerical differences ranged from 0 .445 to 3 .060 .The average observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0 .438 ue between paired populations was from -0 .015 64 to 0 .252 47 ,and the polymorphic information content in the population ranged from 0 .528 -0 .857 ,showing a high polymorphism .Hierarchical AMOVA calculations showed that inter-individual variation of the snails occupied 88 .4% of the total variations .Cluster analysis revealed that the three ribbed shell population in Munu Kou Village ,Hengti Village and Yixing Village first clustered to the three light shell population in Mashizizu Village , Mingzhu Village and Tuqiao Village ,then clustered to the light shell population in Tuanshan Village and Jiama Cao Village with the two shallow rib population in Desheng Village and Tianmu He Village .Under the different landscape environment of Songzi Area ,there were different shells presenting on the morphology of O .hupensis .Although there was a rich diversity on O .hupensis of Songzi City ,the genetic differences mostly present in individuals .Different groups didn’t show the significant genetic differentiation among the different shell morphology of O .hupensis .

The potency of an improved recombinant multi-epitope vaccine against FMDV type Asia1 was evaluated in this study .A multi-epitope gene based on FMDV type Asia1 was designed and a recombinant expression plasmid (pRE-oIgG) was constructed .The proteins ,RE-oIgG and 3D were expressed in E .coli cells and purified with Ni-NTA agarose resin by affinity chromatography .The proteins ,RE-oIgG ,3D and RE-oIgG plus 3D ,were emulsified in an oil adjuvant ISA 206 .Twenty-five female guinea pigs were randomly divided into five groups and intramuscularly vaccinated for with RE-oIgG ,3D ,RE-oIgG plus 3D ,an inactivated FMDV vaccine (type Asia1) ,and PBS .All animals were vaccinated for two times .Anti-FMDV specific an-tibodies ,neutralization antibodies ,protection potency ,and lymphoproliferation assay were detected by ELISA ,virus neutrali-zation assay ,challenge test ,and flow cytometry ,respectively .Results showed that RE-oIgG plus 3D elicited significant high-level anti-FMDV specific antibodies compared to RE-oIgG alone (P<0 .05) .All the vaccinated animals induced higher level lymphoproliferation responses in vitro except PBS .Both 3D alone and PBS produced the negligible neutralizing antibodies and anti-FMDV specific antibodies .RE-oIgG plus FMDV 3D not only elicited high levels of anti-FMDV neutralizing antibodies ,but also induced significant lymphoproliferation responses .More importantly ,RE-oIgG plus 3D conferred complete protection to guinea pigs against challenge with 1 000 GPID50 .Interestingly ,two of five vaccinated animals with 3D alone were full protected against challenge ,and other three animals significantly showed a delay of 2-3 days in the onset of clinical signs .Therefore ,we considered that RE-oIgG plus 3D induces strong humoral and cellular immune responses ,which may be used for control and prevention of FMD in the future .

To explore the application of protein fingerprint technique and differential diagnosis in bacteriological negative pulmonary tuberculosis and pneumonia ,60 patients with bacteriological negative pulmonary tuberculosis ,60 patients with pneumonia ,and 60 healthy volunteers were selected from known clinical cases .Surface strengthening laser desorption ioniza-tion time of flight mass spectrometry (SELDI ToF Ms) and protein chip technology were applied to detect serum proteins ,and analyze their protein peaks by Ciphergen protein chip 3 .1 .1 software .Comparison of the serum protein fingerprinting data from the pool of 180 patients and healthy volunteers showed significant difference in 5 protein peaks (1 028 .49 ,4 796 .56 ,7 564 .77 , 8 048 .02 ,and 11 526 .75 m/z) identified between pulmonary tuberculosis and pneumonia (P<0 .01) .The total effective rate of the 5 protein peaks as a diagnosis model for differential diagnosis of bacteriological negative pulmonary tuberculosis and pneumonia was 84 .2% (101/120) ,the specificity was 82 .5% (52/63) ,the sensitivity was 85 .9% (49/57) ,the positive pre-dictive value was 86 .7% (52/60) ,and the negative predictive value was 81 .7% (49/60) .The total effective rate of the diagno-sis model for differential diagnosis of bacteriological negative pulmonary tuberculosis ,pneumonia and healthy volunteers was 89 .4% (161/180) .The specificity was 100% (60/60) ,the sensitivity was 84 .2% (101/120) ,the positive predictive value was 100% (101/101) ,and the negative predictive value was 75 .9% (60/79) .Protein fingerprinting technology is advanta-geous of being a simple method ,quick detection ,and requires less amount of sample .It is an effective means to screening the tuberculosis specific markers .We found the good diagnosis model through the detection of serum protein by protein fingerprint-ing technology .

The protective effect and mechanism of Schistosoma japonicum cathepsin B (Sjcb2) DNA vaccine in the mouse model of schistosomiasis were studied through construction pcDNA3 .1 (+ ) / Sjcb2 DNA recombinant vector ,which provided effective candidate antigen for anti-schistosome vaccine .The 6-week-old female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into pcDNA3 .1(+ )/Sjcb2 DNA vaccine group ,pcDNA3 .1(+ ) plasmid group and normal saline group ,respectively .Each group was composed of 35 mice ,and 100 μg of S jcb2 plasmid DNA was injected in the hind leg quadriceps of mice once every two weeks .PCR and immunohistochemistry assay were used to detect the expression and stability of Sjcb2 gene in mice .MTT assay was used for testing the specific proliferation response of mice spleen lymphocytes .The level of Sjcb2 antibodies in mouse serum and the IFN-γand IL-4 levels in mice spleen lymphocyte culture supernatant before and after schistosome infection were assayed by ELISA .At last ,we counted load of Schistosome adult worms in mouse and eggs in liver of mouse .The results showed that the Sjcb2 gene was detected in all mice of the Sjcb2 DNA vaccine group ,and Sjcb2 gene expression was positive in the muscle cells in Sjcb2 DNA immunized mice by IHC assay .MTT assay showed that T-cell proliferation rate was in-creased significantly in S jcb2 DNA vaccinated group .ELISA results showed that the IFN-γlevels were increased significantly in the vaccinated group ,while the IL-4 levels were significantly increased after Schistosoma japonicum infection in all mice of every group .The load of worms and eggs in Sjcb2 DNA vaccinated group was reduced significantly than that of control group (P<0 .05) ,the reduction rates of adult worms and eggs were 36 .32% and 60 .61% respectively .In conclusion ,the Sjcb2 gene was stably expressed in muscle cells of mice after injection of S jcb2 recombinant plasmid ,and S jcb2 produced protective effects of anti-schistosoma infection in mice possibly by mean of regulating Th1 cell subgroups through increasing the IFN-γ level and decreasing IL-4 levels .

Effects of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) on the expression level of Alpha-7 .3 giardin mRNA in C2 Giardia lam-blia was investigated in this study to explore the damage to skeleton protein of C 2 Giardia lamblia .Giardia lamblia was culti-vated respectively for 2 ,4 ,8 ,and 12 hours with modified TYI-S-33 medium containing 100 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL DHA , while the control group performed in the same experimental conditions without DHA .The expressive quantity of Alpha-7 .3 gi-ardin mRNA was determined by using real-time reverse transcription PCR ,and then we found that the expressive quantities of Alpha-7 .3 giardin mRNA with DHA were significantly lower than those in the control group .It’s suggested that dihydroarte-misinin has obvious inhibitory effect on the expression level of Alpha-7 .3 giardin mRNA in C2 Giardia lamblia .The actions of dihydroartemisinin on skeleton protein of C2 Giardia lamblia are effective .

To investigate the animals infection situation of novel bunyavirus in Xinyang City ,Henan Province ,China , animal serum samples such as cattle ,dog ,swine ,mice were collected in Shangcheng County and Guangshan County in Xinyang City .All the serum samples were detected by novel bunyavirus ELISA and real time RT-PCR method .A total of 292 animal serum samples were collected including 5 kinds of animals .The result of all the animal serum samples were negative by using real time RT-PCR ,and the positive rate was 45 .19% (141/312) by ELISA method .Of the 5 animal serum samples including mice ,cattle ,goats ,swine and dogs ,the positive rate were detected to be 1 .06% ,100 .00% ,76 .27% ,3 .57% ,and 75 .00%respectively .There was significant difference in results among 5 kind of animal serum antibodies .Animals such as cattle and dog may be the host of novel bunyavirus which were detected novel bunyavirus antibodies in cattle and dog in Xinyang City , Henan Province ,China .

Proteasome pathway is another major pathway of protein degradation in addition to lysosome in eukaryotic cell ,which involved a number of physiological functions regulation in cell .Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein was found in My-cobacterium tuberculosis in 2008 .With the effect of co-factor Dop ,PafA and Mpa ,Pup can mark a variety of protein ubiquitina-tion followed by importing them into proteasomal degradation .The target protein of Pup-proteasome system like FabD ,PanB , Ino1 ,Icl ,SodA ,and MtrA are involved with metabolism ,signal transduction pathways ,virulence factors ,pathogenicity and the persistence of bacteria in the host cell .Proteasome inhibitor make the function of proteasome restricted and the accumula-tion of Pup’s labeled substrate result in changes in the expression of gene indirectly ,which impacted the ability of resistance to outside pressure and the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . The finding Pup-proteasome system reveals a novel mechanism of protein degradation in prokaryotes ,which is expected to become a new target of treatment of anti-TB drugs . Here ,we summarize the progress on the Pup-proteasome system in Mycobacterium tuberculosis .