OBJECTIVETo study the effects of soybean isoflavone on liver lipid, serum lipid, antioxidant index and hepatic lipid metabolism associated factors in nonalcoholic fatty liver rats.

METHODSThirty-six male rats (SD) were randomly divided into four groups by weight: normal control group, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) model control group, low-dose isoflavone treatment group (10 mg/kg) and high-dose isoflavone group (20 mg/kg), 9 rats in each group. Normal control rats were fed with D12450B (10% fat energy), model control and isoflavone intervention rats were fed with D12492 (60% fat energy). Twelve weeks later, liver lipid, serum lipid and antioxidant index were observed. Liver sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and peroxisome proliferators activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) were detected by western blotting.

RESULTSLiver triglyceride (TG) in normal control group, NAFLD model control group, low-dose isoflavone group and high-dose isoflavone group were (8.11 ± 4.13), (57.06 ± 16.95), (31.26 ± 10.48), (31.38 ± 13.25) mmol/mg protein, respectively (F = 22.569, P < 0.01); liver free fatty acid (FFA) were (0.030 ± 0.007), (0.042 ± 0.009), (0.038 ± 0.009), (0.032 ± 0.005) µmol/mg protein, respectively (F = 4.857, P < 0.01); liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were (502.29 ± 23.71), (201.83 ± 16.99), (228.93 ± 21.71), (238.08 ± 15.96) U/mg protein, respectively (F = 9.555, P < 0.01); liver malondialdehyde (MDA) were (1.29 ± 0.29), (2.85 ± 0.73), (2.07 ± 0.49), (2.03 ± 0.37) nmol/mg protein, respectively (F = 13.449, P < 0.01); SREBP-1c protein expression were 0.45 ± 0.16, 1.42 ± 0.30, 1.02 ± 0.31, 0.47 ± 0.27, respectively (F = 24.515, P < 0.01); FAS protein expression were 0.27 ± 0.08, 1.97 ± 0.47, 1.35 ± 0.30, 0.49 ± 0.12, respectively (F = 60.361, P < 0.01); PPARα protein expression were 2.03 ± 0.56, 0.41 ± 0.17, 0.81 ± 0.27, 0.66 ± 0.16, respectively (F = 37.97, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSoy isoflavone can reduce the hepatic lipid deposition and increase antioxidant capacity, the mechanism may be related to inhibition of SREBP-1c and activation of PPARα expression in liver.

Animals ; Fatty Acid Synthases ; metabolism ; Fatty Liver ; metabolism ; Isoflavones ; pharmacology ; Lipid Metabolism ; Liver ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Male ; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease ; PPAR alpha ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Soybeans ; chemistry ; Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1 ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo analyze the trends of food consumption among Chinese residents aged from 18 to 59 years old in 9 provinces (autonomous region) from 1989 to 2006.

METHODSThe paper was based on data collected in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey of Chinese residents of 24 h in three consecutive day dietary recall data. The healthy residents aged 18 - 59 years with twenty-four-hour dietary recall data were selected as study subjects. The sample sizes of these seven surveys were 5766, 7296, 7019, 7599, 8143, 7168 and 6827, respectively. The trends of their food consumption in each year were analyzed through Kruskal-wallis method.

RESULTSThe intake of cereals decreased significantly from (528.5 ± 192.9) g/d in 1989 to (427.7 ± 173.8) g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 2833.13, P < 0.01). The minor variation of soybean food intake was observed. The average intake was (22.3 ± 39.4) g/d in 1989 and (18.9 ± 30.5) g/d in 2006 which was still at a low level. The trend of vegetables intake showed a small decrease. It was (374.5 ± 205.9) g/d in males and (346.4 ± 187.6) g/d in females in 2006, respectively. Both quantity and rate of fruits consumption showed an increase trend. Its consumption rate reached at 22.5% (741/3296) in males and 27.7% (1004/3619) in females in 2006, respectively. The average intake increased from (122.4 ± 126.9) g/d in 1989 to (228.5 ± 267.3) g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 539.66, P < 0.01). At the same time, the daily intake of meat and egg showed a large increase, the average meat intake increased from (97.0 ± 111.5) g/d in males and (80.2 ± 97.0) g/d in females in 1989 to (141.5 ± 125.2) g/d in males and (118.4 ± 111.8) g/d in females in 2006, respectively. The oil consumption showed a significant increase. The average intake increased from (30.4 ± 37.9) g/d in 1989 to (42.8 ± 32.3) g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 1646.94, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSThere have been noticeable changes in the Chinese dietary pattern in the past 17 years. Some changes would be helpful for nutritional improvement in Chinese people, but it also caused some adverse effects on health because of improper food consumption.

Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; Diet ; statistics & numerical data ; trends ; Dietary Fats ; Energy Intake ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Meat ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo understand the status and trend of alcohol consumption among adult people living in 9 provinces (autonomous region) of China from 1993 to 2006.

METHODSThe data was collected at the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006, the subjects with complete drinking data of adult residents were involved. The sample of subjects were 7994, 8625, 9283, 9780 and 9746 among 5 round surveys respectively. Alcohol intake, drinking frequency, drinking type, drinking amount and trends of changing was analyzed.

RESULTSThe average drinking rates were 60.2% (13 201/21 919) and 9.7% (2269/23 509) among male and female respectively. The average alcohol intake was (32.2 ± 35.6) g in male and (14.0 ± 19.4) g in female drinkers. Male drinkers with primary and secondary schools or below education had the lowest level of drinking rate, which was 59.7% (985/1651), 58.7% (941/1604), 57.0% (889/1560), 55.4% (885/1599) and 53.1% (812/1529) in the 5 round surveys respectively. However, the average daily alcohol intake was the highest, which was (31.1 ± 38.2) g, (39.8 ± 42.1) g, (38.9 ± 41.3) g and (38.4 ± 43.3) g at 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006 respectively. The male drinkers with college or above education had the lowest alcohol intake, which was (21.9 ± 24.5) g, (28.8 ± 30.9) g, (24.6 ± 22.0) g and (25.0 ± 26.4) g in 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006 respectively. Female drinkers with college or above education had the highest drinking rate, which was 21.0% (13/62), 24.5% (26/106), 16.6% (27/163), 19.7% (38/193) and 18.8% (46/245) at 5 round surveys respectively. But their average daily alcohol intake was lowest, which was (4.7 ± 3.3) g, (12.5 ± 31.9) g, (9.9 ± 18.7) g and (8.2 ± 8.5) g at 1997, 2000, 2004, 2006 respectively. And the average daily alcohol intake was the highest among female drinkers with primary and secondary schools or below education, which was (13.4 ± 16.9) g, (16.3 ± 22.4) g, (19.9 ± 26.1) g and (16.4 ± 18.0) g respectively. According to the regional distribution, the highest drinking rate of female drinker was occurred at urban female, which was 17.4% (110/631), 19.9% (147/740), 17.4% (129/741), 14.4% (117/814) and 11.3% (88/781) at 5 round surveys. Drinking every day was most popular in male drinkers, the proportion was 32.6% (3533/10 844). Drinking 1 to 2 times per week, 1 to 2 times per month, no more than 1 time per month was most popular in female drinkers, the proportion was 23.0% (410/1786), 24.6% (440/1786) and 21.2% (379/1786) respectively. Male drinkers liked liquor more (drinking rate was 81.8%, 8875/10 844). The wine drinking rate of female (22.3%, 399/1786) is far higher than that of male's (9.0%, 976/10 844) (χ(2) = 280.4, P < 0.01). The daily alcohol intake equal to or greater than 25 g of male drinkers was 42.0% (4058/9654), and the daily alcohol intake equal to or greater than 15 g of female drinkers was 25.3% (349/1378).

CONCLUSIONThe drinking rate of adults among 9 provinces (autonomous region) was higher than that of national average level. The drinking rate and the average alcohol consumption among male and female was significantly different. Same differences was observed among education level and different regions.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Alcohol Drinking ; Alcoholic Beverages ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo analyze the status and trend of dietary fiber intake and its food sources among Chinese residents aged 18 - 45 years old in 9 provinces (autonomous region), from 1989 to 2006.

METHODSTwenty-four-hour dietary recall data of three consecutive days from China Health and Nutrition Survey (1989, 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006) were used. And the 18 - 45 years old subjects with complete information on dietary survey were included. The sample size of these 7 surveys were 5597, 5596, 5323, 5485, 5308, 4144 and 3889, respectively. The trends of dietary fiber intake and food sources by time and sex were studied.

RESULTSFrom 1989 to 2000, the total of daily dietary fiber intake of 18 - 45 years old healthy residents decreased from 15.1 g/d to 11.6 g/d, insoluble dietary fiber intake decreased from 22.6 g/d to 17.8 g/d. In villages, from 1989 to 2000, the insoluble dietary fiber intake decreased 5.1 g/d in males and 5.2 g/d in females(13.2, 11.8 g in 2000, respectively;18.3, 17.0 g in 1989, respectively). In 2006, the insoluble dietary intake was 12.6 g/d in males and 11.2 g/d in females in villages. In cities, from 1989 to 2006, the insoluble dietary fiber intake was 9.4 - 11.8 g/d in males and 8.3 - 10.8 g/d in females. The total dietary fiber intake was 15.7 - 17.6 g/d in males and 13.5 - 16.4 g/d in females. The difference of insoluble and total dietary fiber intake between city and village was decreasing. In 2006, 70.6% (8.4/11.9) insoluble dietary fiber came from vegetables ((4.1 ± 3.1) g/d), wheat flour and its products ((2.6 ± 3.6) g/d), rice and its products ((1.7 ± 1.3) g/d).

CONCLUSIONDietary fiber intake among Chinese aged 18 - 45 in 9 provinces (autonomous region) decreased from 1989 to 2006. Vegetables, wheat flour, rice and their products were the major food sources of insoluble dietary fiber.

Adolescent ; Adult ; China ; Dietary Fiber ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate milk consumption and effects on dietary nutrients and growth status among 7 - 17 years-old Chinese children in 9 provinces (autonomous region) from 1991 to 2006.

METHODSData was collected in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey, and 11 691 subjects aged 7 to 17 years old were included. The subjects were divided into the following groups according to milk consumption per day, 0 (no milk drinking), 1 - 99, 100 - 199, 200 - 299 and ≥ 300 g/d. Variables from different years were compared, such as milk categories, energy, protein, calcium intake, body mass index (BMI), as well as that dietary nutrients, height and weight among different milk consumption groups.

RESULTSFrom 1991 to 2006, milk drinking rate and milk consumption among Chinese children had great improvement: milk drinking rate reached to 14.1% (161/1145) in 2006, while that was 3.0% (73/2441) in 1991; milk consumption reached to (26.7 ± 85.0) g/d in 2006, which was 6.8 times of that in 1991 (3.9 ± 31.9) g/d (χ(2) = 474.5, P < 0.01). BMI increased from (17.3 ± 2.9) kg/m(2) in 1991 to (18.5 ± 6.0) kg/m(2) in 2006 (χ(2) = 123.5, P < 0.01). Meanwhile, energy intake decreased from (8653.3 ± 2789.2) kJ/d in 1991 to (8058.3 ± 2866.6) kJ/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 72.6, P < 0.01); protein intake decreased from (63.0 ± 22.8) g/d in 1991 to (57.3 ± 23.1) g/d in 2006 (χ(2) = 71.9, P < 0.01). Average height of 0 (no milk drinking), 1 - 99, 100 - 199, 200 - 299 and ≥ 300 g/d groups were (142.9 ± 16.9), (146.9 ± 18.8), (147.6 ± 16.2), (148.8 ± 16.0), (149.9 ± 15.3) cm, respectively (χ(2) = 29.4, P < 0.01); average weight were (37.1 ± 13.2), (40.3 ± 13.9), (41.3 ± 16.9), (41.7 ± 14.6), (41.4 ± 12.2) kg, respectively (χ(2) = 25.7, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONIn the period of 1991 to 2006, milk drinking rate and milk consumption has improved greatly. Main nutrient intake, height and weight increased with milk consumption.

Adolescent ; Adolescent Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Animals ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Body Height ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; Child ; Child Development ; Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Feeding Behavior ; Food ; Humans ; Milk ; Nutrition Surveys

OBJECTIVETo analyze the status of dietary sodium intake of 18 - 65 years old Chinese people in nine provinces (autonomous region) in 1991 and 2006.

METHODSIn 1991 and 2006, China Health and Nutrition Survey was carried out in nine provinces, including Liaoning, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Jiangsu, Henan, Hunan, Hubei, Guangxi and Guizhou, Subjects were selected by multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method from 18 - 65 years old people and 8235 subjects in 1991 and 7788 subjects in 2006. Sodium intake analysis was conducted across gender, regions and rural(urban) residences.

RESULTSOn average, sodium intake decreased from (6750.6 ± 3771.5) mg/d in 1991 to (4949.7 ± 2829.4) mg/d in 2006 (Z = -35.5, P < 0.01) among the 18 - 65 years old people. In 1991 and 2006, the main sources of dietary sodium were salt, soy sauce and vegetable. In 1991, the proportion were 79.6% ((5375.6 ± 3532) mg/d), 8.7% ((586.7 ± 721.7) mg/d) and 7.5% ((506.9 ± 906.1) mg/d), respectively. In 2006, the proportion were 71.5% ((3539.8 ± 2545) mg/d), 8.3% ((410.7 ± 547.9) mg/d) and 6.2% ((304.6 ± 610.7) mg/d), respectively.

CONCLUSIONSAmong 18 - 65 years old residents, sodium intake in 2006 was significantly lower than that in 1991, but still far beyond the 2200 mg/d of adequate intake level (2200 mg/d). The major source of sodium intake in Chinese diet was condiments.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; China ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Nutrition Surveys ; Sodium, Dietary ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the age, gender and region specified milk consumption and its changing trends of Chinese 18 - 44 years old adults in 9 provinces (autonomous region) from 1991 to 2006.

METHODSThe data of 18 - 44 aged old adults investigated in Chinese Health and Nutrition Survey from 1991 to 2006 in 9 provinces (autonomous region) were utilized. The numbers of the subjects selected in 1991, 1993, 1997, 2000, 2004 and 2006 were 5593, 5491, 5334, 4188 and 3908, respectively. Changes of the percentage of milk consumption, average intake of daily milk and dietary calcium intake were analyzed across different groups of gender, income levels, and areas.

RESULTSThere was an increasing trend in the percentage of milk consumption and daily intake of milk from 1991 to 2006. The average percentage of Chinese adult milk consumption went up from 2.2% (123/5593) in 1991 to 7.6% (297/3908) in 2006 (Z = -22.16, P < 0.01). Specifically, urban adult and rural adult showed significant increase in the percentages from 9.7% (80/823) to 23.7% (112/472) (Z = -12.81, P < 0.01) and 0.1% (2/2937) to 1.8% (36/1987) (Z = -9.21, P < 0.01) respectively. Percentages of adult who ever drank milk at top income level and bottom income level increased from 4.7% (95/2006) to 14.6% (200/1373) (Z = -17.36, P < 0.01) and from 0.1% (2/1748) to 2.4% (28/1171) (Z = -9.58, P < 0.01), respectively. Meanwhile, the average daily intake of milk increased from (3.6 ± 24.6) g/d in 1991 to (11.8 ± 51.4) g/d in 2006 (F = 67.07, P < 0.01). The daily milk consumption among top income level adults and bottom income level adults increased from (8.5 ± 50.9) g/d to (23.1 ± 71.5) g/d and from (0.2 ± 6.5) g/d to (3.3 ± 23.5) g/d (F = 13.90, P < 0.01), respectively. From 1991 to 2006, milk consumers significantly promoted their percentage of achieving the Chinese dietary reference intake on calcium (800 mg/d) from 6.5% (8/123) to 12.8% (38/297) (Z = -1.67, P < 0.05), whereas this percentage increased from 1.6% (38/5470) to 3.6% (130/3611) among milk non-consumers (Z = -5.66, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONChinese adult milk intake still remains in quite low level, and the situation of milk consumption among rural adults requires further promotion.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Animals ; Asian Continental Ancestry Group ; Calcium, Dietary ; analysis ; China ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Milk ; Nutrition Surveys ; Rural Population ; Suburban Population ; Urban Population ; Young Adult

Environmental Exposure ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Incineration ; Industrial Waste ; Neoplasms ; epidemiology ; Population Surveillance ; Refuse Disposal ; methods ; Risk Factors

China ; Cohort Studies ; Health Surveys ; Humans ; Nutrition Surveys

OBJECTIVEThe objective of this study was to observe the interventional effect of cod liver oil supplementation on re-vaccination to hepatitis B virus (HBV) among infants and young children.

METHODSAll 7-36 months old infants and young children, who had been vaccinated with obligatory HBV vaccines routinely by the national technical and administrative procedures for HBV vaccination on children of China, were convened among villages in Linyi, Shandong province, from October 2008 to March 2009. After detection of serum anti-HBV, one hundred children with lower serum anti-HBV were picked out for the randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled vitamin A supplementation study. The children in the intervention group (50 subjects) took 0.5 g condensed cod liver oil (containing 25 000 IU vitamin A and 2500 IU vitamin D(2)) every 15 days for six times. The children in the control group (50 subjects) were given corn oil with same volume. All children were re-vaccinated at the 30th and the 60th day of the experiment. The serum samples were collected from each child at the 90th day of the experiment. Retinol concentration in serum samples was analyzed with HPLC method before and after the intervention. The levels of serum anti-HBs were detected by the electro-chemi-luminescence immunoassay (ECLIA).

RESULTSTotal 74 children finished the supplemental experiment and blood collection, 37 subjects in each group, respectively. After intervention, the serum retinol level in the experimental and control group were (404.1 ± 123.1) and (240.8 ± 92.8) µg/L (t = 6.441, P < 0.01), respectively. The serum anti-HBs levels in the experimental and control group were (2737.2 ± 2492.6) and (1199.7 ± 2141.6) U/L (t = 2.846, P < 0.01), respectively. The rate of weak or no-answer case in experimental and control groups was 0.00% (0/37) and 10.81% (4/37) (χ(2) = 4.229, P = 0.040), respectively.

CONCLUSIONThe results showed that vitamin A supplementation might enhance the re-vaccination reaction against HB vaccine in infants and young children.

Child, Preschool ; Cod Liver Oil ; therapeutic use ; Dietary Supplements ; Double-Blind Method ; Hepatitis B ; prevention & control ; Hepatitis B Antibodies ; blood ; immunology ; Hepatitis B Vaccines ; immunology ; Hepatitis B virus ; immunology ; Humans ; Immunity, Active ; Infant ; Vitamin A ; therapeutic use ; Vitamins ; therapeutic use