Objectives To evaluate the relationship between the expression of B7-1 in liver tissue and the effect of interferon- alpha(α- IFN) treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B(CHB).Methods The expression of B7 -1in liver biopsy specimens from 68 CHB patients was studied with immunohistochemistry before α-IFN treatment.Results B7-1 was expressed in 45(66.2%) liver tissues among 68 patients with CHB,but none in 5 normal controls.The total response ratio of α- IFN in patients with B7-1 positive was 66.7%(30/45),which was significantly higherthan 39.1%(9/23)in the patients with B7-1 negative(x2 =7.20,P <0.01).B7-1 expression was closely corelat-ed with the histological activity grade(HAI) and serum alanine transaminase(ALT) level.Conclusions The level of B7-1 expression in liver tissue may be regarded as an effective parameter for predicting α-IFN response in patients with CHB.

Objective To study the effect of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism on serum lipids and the relationship between apolipoprotein E polymorphism and coronary heart disease (CHD).Methods Polymerize chain reaction (PCR) and HhaI digestion were used for the detection of apolipoprotein E genotype on 71 patients with CHD and 69 control subjects.Results The frequencies of apolipoprotein E4 allele and E3/4 genotype were obviously increased in CHD group than in control group (P<0.01,P<0.05). Conclusion The apolipoprotein E polymorphism is related to the occurrence of coronary heart disease; apolipoprotein E4 allele is one of the most important hereditary factor for the occurrence of CHD.

Chronic kidney disease(CKD)coexisting with cardiorenal syndrome(CRS)can be frequently seen in clinic,especially in older patients.The guidelines for clinical management of the condition include:typing of CRS according to reasons for cardiac and renal function impairment and symptoms,accurate understanding of the disease aggravation,correction of anaemia,fluid overload or sodium retention and diuretic resistant.Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors,?-blockers and cardiac glycoside are safe and effective for those patients,but they should be used with caution and the patients need to be monitored closely.The long term effect for CRS needs to be studied by more and prospective clinical trials.

Chronic kidney disease(CKD)is a high risk factor of cardiovascular disease(CVD).This paper introduces the coronary atherosclerotic heart disease,uremic myocardiopathy,uremic cardiopericarditis,stroke and peripheral arterial disease in patients with CKD.

The paper reviews the causes of the anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD)and focuses on the diagnosis.Meanwhile,we also systematically introduce the treatment strategies for patients with anemia and CKD,especially for the reasonable clinical application of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents(ESAs)and iron.The problems in diagnosis and treatment of anemia in CKD patients are also proposed.The objective of this paper is to standardize the clinical diagnosis and treatment of anemia in CKD patients,so as to promote the treatment of CKD in grassroot hospitals.

Hypertension control is the most important and effective treatment for chronic kidney diseases.Compared with hypertension patients without kidney diseases,it requires a stricter blood pressure control in those with kidney diseases.The treatment principles are:(i)To lower the blood pressure is the top priority;and(ii)the impacts of various antihypertensive drugs on individual patients.The antihypertensive drugs should be chosen taking into consideration of the following factors:the extent of hypertension,whether the hypertension occurs abruptly or permanently,the heart and renal functions and any significant metabolic disorders.Among the existing drugs,diuretic is usually hampered by renal dysfunction;ACEI/ARB seems to be more effective on patients with proteinuria,but it should be used with caution in patients with severe renal insufficiency;CCB is effective and can quickly lower blood pressure,therefore it is an essential drug for hypertension treatment;?-blocker is not considered as a main drug for hypertension with kidney diseases.Combination use of anti-hypertensive drug is common to many CKD with hypertension,among them ACEI/ARB+diuretic,ACEI/ARG+CCB are the most common combinations.ACEI+ARB exhibit a better proteinuria reduction effect;however it is not indicated in patients with severe cardiovascular lesion.Hypertension treatment should take into consideration of individual differences and should be adjusted according to individual responses.Salt intake control also plays an important role in the successful treatment of hypertension with kidney diseases.

Mineral and bone disorder is one of the most common chronic complications of chronic kidney disease.The long-term metabolism disorder of bone,calcium and phosphate can cause not only bone disease,but also vascular/cardiac valve calcification and high morbidity of cardiac and/or vascular events.The treatment for these complications is mainly aimed to decrease high blood phosphate,maintain blood calcium and keep PTH within defined levels.

The aim of RECORD study is to compare the time of first hospitalization due to cardiovascular events or death between patients treated with Metformine+ Rosinglitazone,Sulfonylureas+ Rosinglitazone with those treated with Metformine+Sulfonylureas.The result showed that,after treated equally for 5.5 years,there was no difference in the time of first hospitalization due to cardiovascular events or death between the two groups.The blood glucose control,as indicated by average HbA1c,was improved in Rosinglitazone group compared with that in the control group.