Objective:To investigate gut microbiota differences between individuals with and without colorectal adenoma(CRA)and to identify gut microbes associated with CRA.Methods:This cross-sectional study analyzed the gut microbiota of 100 patients with CRA and 68 individuals without CRA(aged 40-75 years)who underwent colonoscopies between March 2021 and March 2022 at Tianjin Nankai Hospital.Fecal samples were sequenced for the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene using the Illumina NovaSeq platform.Results:Compared to the non-CRA group,the CRA group exhibited reduced relative abundances of identified and unidentified Lachnospiraceae,with increased Faecalibacterium and Streptococcus.In the non-CRA group,the relative abundances of Coprococcus,unidentified Clostridiaceae,and Clostridium were higher.LEfSe analysis revealed significant enrichment of Gammaproteobacteria,Proteobacteria,Enterobacteriales,and Faecalibacterium in the CRA group,while the non-CRA group was enriched for Moraxellaceae,Acinetobacter,and Anaerostipes.Conclusions:These findings suggest a discernible disparity in the gut microbiota structure between CRA patients and individuals without adenoma.The enrichment of potential pathogenic taxa,such as Faecalibacterium and Streptococcus,in the CRA group suggests a possible association with adenoma development.

Gastric cancer(GC)is one of the most prevalent malignant tumors worldwide.Although the incidence of GC has significantly de-creased over the past decade owing to advancements in early stage diagnostic techniques,its mortality rate remains high.Immune check-point inhibitors(ICIs),such as programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)inhibitors,have become a promising treatment option for patients with GC.However,only a minority of patients with GC exhibit durable responses to PD-1 inhibitor therapy.Moreover,the overall efficacy of these treatments is limited.Existing studies have indicated that immunotherapeutic failure is closely associated with the development of res-istance to PD-1 inhibitors;however,the mechanisms underlying this resistance are not fully understood.Therefore,this review aimed to ex-plore the potential molecular mechanisms contributing to the resistance to PD-1 inhibitors in the treatment of GC and provide a new re-search perspective on the clinical responses to this resistance.

Proteasome inhibitors(PIs)have become the backbone of combinatorial treatment regimens for patients with multiple myeloma(MM).The PIs-bortezomib,carfifilzomib,and ixazomib are all approved for treatment of MM.However,these drugs have shown a variety signs of cardiovascular toxicity,including heart failure,hypertension,arrhythmias,ischaemic heart disease,and thromboembolism,which in-crease patient risk associated with treatment,and negatively impact patient outcomes.Effective detection,monitoring,and management of PI-related cardiovascular toxicity are thus essential for improving clinical outcomes for patients with MM.This consensus proposes recom-mendations for the monitoring and management of cardiovascular toxicity related to PIs with the aim of standardizing their clinical applica-tion.

Objective:This study aimed to investigate the safety and efficacy of cadonilimab plus chemotherapy with or without bevacizu-mab in the treatment of recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer(R/M CC).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on 25 patients with R/M CC who were admitted to Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute&Hospital between August 2022 and June 2024.All patients received cadonilimab plus chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab,followed by cadonilimab as maintenance therapy.Treatment effic-acy and adverse events were comprehensively evaluated,and patients were followed up until October 2024.Results:The median follow-up duration was 18 months(range:4-26 months).The median progression-free survival(PFS)and overall survival were not reached,and the 1-year PFS rate was 77.9%.The objective response rate was 68%,while the disease control rate was 80%.Common adverse reactions in-cluded decreased white blood cell count(40%),nausea(32%),rash(24%),and anemia(24%).No treatment-related deaths occurred during the study period.Conclusions:Cadonilimab plus chemotherapy with or without bevacizumab demonstrated a high objective response rate and a favorable safety profile in patients with R/M CC.However,further studies with larger sample sizes and extended follow-up periods are needed to further validate these findings.

Objective:To investigate the diagnostic efficacy of transrectal conventional ultrasound-guided systematic biopsy and transrectal contrast-enhanced ultrasonography(CEUS)-guided targeted biopsy for suspected prostate cancer(PCa).Methods:A total of 239 patients with suspected PCa who were admitted to Shanghai Fengxian District Central Hospital between February 2021 and February 2024 were se-lected.Among them,139 patients who underwent transrectal CEUS-guided targeted biopsy were included in the CEUS group.The conven-tional group included 100 patients who underwent transrectal conventional ultrasound-guided biopsy(12-core biopsy).The detection rates of PCa and clinically significant prostate cancer(CsPCa)in the two groups were compared.The detection rates of PCa in different subgroups were also analyzed.Core number,positive single-core count,and biopsy-related complications were compared between the two groups.Results:Biopsy confirmed PCa in 75(53.96%)patients and benign lesions in 64(46.04%)patients in the CEUS group.In the conventional group,38(38.00%)patients had PCa,and 62(62.00%)had benign lesions.The detection rate of PCa in the CEUS group was significantly higher than that in the conventional group(P<0.05).There were statistically significant differences in the detection rate of PCa between the different age groups and patients with different prostate specific antigen(PSA)levels in the CEUS group(P<0.05).Moreover,there were stat-istically significant differences in the detection rate of PCa between patients with different PSA levels in the conventional group(P<0.05).For patients aged>70 years,the PCa detection rate in the CEUS group was significantly higher than that in the conventional group(P<0.05).When the PSA level was>20 ng/mL,the PCa detection rate in the CEUS group was significantly higher than that in the conventional group(P<0.05).When the prostate volume was 31-60 cm3,the detection rate of PCa in the CEUS group was significantly higher than that in the conventional group(P<0.05).The CEUS group received a total of 283 targeted punctures,whereas the conventional group received 1,200 systematic punctures.The positivity rate for a single core was significantly higher in the CEUS group than that in the conventional group(P<0.001).Biopsy-related complications were comparable between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusions:Transrectal CEUS-guided targeted biopsy can achieve a high detection and single-core positive rate in the diagnosis of PCa,particularly in older patients with high PSA levels.Moreover,it is safe.

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma(HNSCC)is a highly prevalent malignancy with poor prognosis.Treatment strategies to date have achieved limited success in significantly improving overall survival rates.γδ T cells,a unique subset of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment,can link adaptive and innate immune functions.While γδ T cells can effectively recognize and eliminate HNSCC tumor cells,certain subsets of these cells can secrete interleukin-17,contributing to tumor progression.Nevertheless,due to their remarkable cyto-toxic activity,γδ T cells have been identified as promising candidates for antitumor immunotherapy.This article reviews the biological back-ground of γδ T cells,their role in tumor immunity in HNSCC,and recent advances in γδ T cell immunotherapy,aiming to provide new in-sights into HNSCC diagnosis and treatment.

Tongue squamous cell carcinoma is the most frequent malignant tumor in the oral cavity.The incidence of occult metastasis in early-stage tongue squamous cell carcinoma ranges from 19.81%to 61.8%.The sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy of currently employed diagnostic techniques vary among different research centers.Cervical lymph nodes in tongue squamous cell carcinoma exhibit certain regu-larities,with metastasis primarily occurring in ipsilateral levels Ⅰ,Ⅱ,and Ⅲ,and occasional occurrence of skip metastasis.Occult metastasis to cervical lymph nodes in tongue squamous cell carcinoma is influenced by various factors.The treatment approach for the neck remains controversial,with options including selective neck dissection,observation,and sentinel lymph node biopsy.This review aims to elaborate on the incidence of occult lymph node metastasis in patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma,the distribution patterns of metastatic lymph nodes,the value of various diagnostic techniques in detecting occult metastasis,risk factors for occult metastasis,and strategies for neck management.

Up to 90%of cancer-related deaths worldwide are associated with tumor metastasis.In particular,bone metastases substantially reduces patient survival and quality of life.Abnormal osteoclast activation plays a crucial role in bone metastasis by promoting bone matrix degradation that exacerbates tumor growth and spread.Although osteoclast-targeting drugs,such as bisphosphonates,are widely used in clinical practice,adverse reactions limit their use.Further exploration of the mechanism of action of osteoclasts,as well as non-traditional drug treatments are required to prevent bone metastasis.This article reviews recent domestic and international research into multidisciplin-ary treatment strategies,including comprehensive chemotherapy,immunotherapy,and targeted therapy.The review aims to stimulate op-timization of clinical diagnosis and treatment strategies,development of novel treatment plans,and to provide a new theoretical basis and practical guidance for extending patient survival and improving quality of life.

In recent years,increasingly diverse methods have been employed to prevent and treat radiation enteritis(RE).Improvements in radiotherapy techniques,optimization of radiation dose fractionation,and development and use of radioprotective agents have reduced the incidence of RE,and new treatment modalities,including hormones,mucosal protectants,endoscopic treatments,and surgical interventions,together with emerging therapies,including microbiome-based treatments,stem cell transplantation,and hyperbaric oxygen therapy,have made significant progress.These new technologies and treatments exhibit potential efficacy at alleviating symptoms,protecting the intestin-al barrier,promoting tissue repair,and restoring intestinal microbiota balance.Here,we review the latest research investigating treatment and prevention of RE,exploring the optimization of radiation therapy techniques,and developing strategies for prevention and treatment,with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for more precise,comprehensive,and effective treatment options for RE.

Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and prognosis of follicular lymphoma (FL) patients with different primary sites using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.Methods:Clinical data of 7167 patients with early-stage FL (stage I-II) from the SEER database between 2000 and 2015 were respectively analyzed. Primary sites were divided into intranodal and extranodal types. Intranodal primary sites included supradiaphragmatic lymph nodes (LN), subphrenic lymph nodes and Waldeyer's ring. Extranodal primary sites consisted of skin, gastrointestinal tract, duodenum, head and neck, other sites. Prognostic factors and overall survival (OS) in patients with different primary sites were analyzed. OS rate was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier method and survival difference between primary sites was compared with log-rank test. Inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) and multi-variable analysis were applied to adjust for confounding factors. Multivariate Cox regression analysis of influencing factors of OS was performed.Results:The median age was 63 years old, with the median follow-up time of 63 months. There was no difference in prognosis among the intranodal groups or between the intranodal and extranodal groups. The 10-year OS rates of the supradiaphragmatic lymph LN ( n=2146), subdiaphragmatic LN ( n=2811), and the Waldeyer's ring ( n=151) groups were 70.7%, 69.9% and 73.4%, respectively ( P=0.422 for infradiaphragmatic LN vs. supradiaphragmatic LN, P=1.000 for Waldeyer's ring vs. supradiaphragmatic LN), and 70.3% and 68.9% for intranodal ( n=5108) and extranodal ( n=2059), respectively. There was no significant difference in OS between the groups ( P=0.581) after IPTW adjustment. The most common primary sites in extranodal disease were skin, gastrointestinal tract, head and neck, and duodenum. The 10-year OS for skin, gastrointestinal tract, and cutaneous was 74.2%, 74.7%, and 87.3%, respectively, significantly higher than 55.6% for other sites (duodenum vs. others sites, gastrointestinal vs. others sites, skin vs. others sites: all P<0.001). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that difference in OS was not significant among the intranodal groups or between the intranodal and extranodal groups. However, different extranodal primary site was an independent prognostic factor for OS. Conclusions:Early FL patients with supradiaphragmatic LN, subdiaphragmatic LN and Waldeyer's ring, and between the intranodal and extranodal primary sites obtain similar prognosis. However, early-stage FL patients with different extranodal primary sites have prognostic differences. The prognosis of primary skin, gastrointestinal tract and duodenum is significantly better than that of other extranodal primary sites.