The paper introduced a few models characteristic of pharmaceutical service(PS)in the hospital,classifying the service applicable in the hospital into personalized PS based on time,social PS based on space,and connotative PS based on expertise.This way pharmacist,doctors and nurses can work as a close team,providing not only high quality PS to a greater population,but also personalized and integrated PS to patients of special needs.In the end,PS can help improve hospital quality of care in general.

Investigations and interviews on six county (city)-level public hospitals practicing the drug zero price margin policy discovered increases on average outpatient expense per visit,average outpatient drug expense per visit,ratio of outpatient drug expense,average drug expense per hospital discharge,and ratio of drug expense upon discharge as well as the total ratio of drug expenses.An analysis of the poor performance of the policy results in the following recommendations.A better performance of this policy calls for support of such reforms as drug supply manner,drug price control,doctors' incentives for over-prescription and payment manner at public hospitals.Only with these support can this policy reach its expected outcomes of alleviating the drug expense burden of the people.

This paper described the practice of using the bank card as a medical card.This practice is designed to fully leverage the financial service system of major banks in China and premium medical resources,as it may optimize medical service flows of registration,doctors' visit and charging at the hospital.This reform aims at creating an information integrating bank cards and hospital cards featuring practicality,convenience,security and high-tech,so as to improve medical service and provide the patients with a better experience in seeing doctors.

The paper proposed a concept to build a management system for operating room hidden costs in an effort to better hospital management and alleviate patients' economic burden.The authors analyzed the root of such costs from the levels of operating room's design and construction,as well as management and operations,proposing a framework of such hidden costs.Based on diversified cost characteristics,they come up with a number of estimating methods,and control methods against different hidden costs by using management theories systematically.

Objective To probe into the trust of residents on the health centers' service offered in their community in general for providing better family doctor services.Methods A custom-made trust scale for medical service (including 23 indicators) and random sampling were called into play.An imercept survey was made to 224 residents of different gender,age and education in a community in Beijing regarding their overall trust on medical service.Results The different satisfaction over their selection of the 23 indicators among residents of different gender is not significant statistically (P＞0.05); the seven differences of the residents of different ages regarding their trust of the general medical service are significant statistically; the 11 differences of the residents of different education regarding their trust on the community health centers in general are significant statistically.Conclusion The GP-based community health centers are expected to improve the trust of residents on them in general,by means of enhancing government responsibility,government investment and the improvement of services of general practitioners.

The hospital observed the principles of ensuring medical safety,shared risks and responsibilities in its attempt to build the risk mortgage mechanism in the hospital.The mechanism is characteristic of setting up the scope and standards for the risk mortgage,defining the use and refund cycle of the risk mortgage,along with a series of rewards and penalties.This design aims at minimizing cases of medical disputes (malpractice) for better medical safety.

This article made an in-depth analysis of the pharmaceutical system of Australia in terms of its drug regulatory authorities,drug management policies and drug benefit plans.A summary of the Australian experiences hold that health system of the Australian government boasts a smooth and clear compensation mechanism,and flexible and a drag pricing approach ensuring interests of all parties.Its decision-making emphasizes technical support and covers specific groups of people with special policies,meeting patients' drug needs to the maximum.All these practices are worthy of learning for China.

A consensus remains unsettled yet for basic medical insurance and common protocols on managing patients seeing doctors out of their hometown.This results in such setbacks as difficulty in seeing doctors elsewhere for those covered and in unaffordable financial burden,as well as medical insurance fraud,lack of information sharing among social insurance authorities,and difficulty of supervision.This study described the status quo of seeding doctors elsewhere under China's basic medical insurance system,and analyzed problems found in the management framework.On such basis,authors proposed such recommendations as unified management system for seeding doctors elsewhere,network information sharing for medical insurance information,and networked settlement for medical expenses for basic medical insurance.These measures should be carried out as per general requirements for health reform stage by stage.

Based on an observation of the evolution in rural cooperative medical system,the author proposed the concepts and legal nature of the system.He held that the system is a non-voluntary social insurance,with the country and society as the subjects of liability and oriented to peasants at large.With focused reference of legislation experiences in the USA,Japan and Germany,and summary of local experiments,the author recommended to draft laws and decrees of the system without delay,regulating the conception,goal,legal nature,functionality,regulators,fund raising,and supervision of the system.

Objective To raise risk exposure awareness for spreading pathogenic microorganisms in anesthesia procedures and normalize aseptic technique of anesthesiologists,thus minimizing postoperative infection.Methods Choose 45 cases of general anesthesia.Respectively before anesthesia induction (Time0),five minutes after induction (Time1) and two hours after anesthesia (Time2),make bacteriological tests on seven spots vulnerable to contamination,including the three-way stopcock,screwtype hose coupling,oxygen flux knob,pressure-release valve surface,exhaled breath entry of the anesthesia machine,oxygen intake of the breathing loop of the anesthesia machine,and operating desktop of the anesthesia cart.Results Contamination risk exposure of the stopcock extends with the operative time.At Time 0,it is sterile; at Time 1,84.4％of the 45 cases are found with bacteria growth,with colony count of 1～2CFU/ml; at Time2,colony counts at various monitoring points range 7～21 CFU/ml,of which the differences between Timel group and Time0,as well as Time2 and Time0 are statistically significant(P＜0.05).Colony counts at other monitoring points comply with the regulations.Conclusion Three-way stopcocks are highly vulnerable to contamination during operative anesthesia.Regular sterile operations can effectively prevent and lower postoperative infection of the patients.