Allergic conjunctivitis has a high incidence rate, which is difficult to cure after repeated attacks, and seriously affects people's quality of life.Animal models are the main tools and means for the study of allergic conjunctivitis diseases, and animal modeling is an important step in the study of allergic conjunctivitis diseases.Because the study of allergic conjunctivitis is relatively late than that of other allergic diseases, the animal model of allergic conjunctivitis mainly refers to the animal model building methods of allergic asthma, rhinitis and other allergic diseases, or makes improvements on them, resulting in a variety of animal model building methods, poor reference of animal model building methods, and low survival rate and success rate of animal model building.This paper analyzes the pathogenic mechanism of allergic conjunctivitis and the purpose of animal modeling, searches and analyzes the modeling process of allergic conjunctivitis in Pubmed in the past 10 years, sorted and analyzed the modeling methods according to the sensitization mechanism, and summarized four modeling process models, which provided a reference for the selection of animal strains, sensitization dose and sensitization process in the modeling of allergic conjunctivitis.

Objective:To analyze the incidence and risk factors of ocular surface disease among power grid construction workers in plateau.Methods:A total of 11 132 construction personnel from the Ngari prefecture-central Tibet power grid interconnection project were included from 2019 to 2020.Baseline characteristics including age, gender, body mass index, developmental and nutritional status, relevant clinical indicators, etc.and follow-up data regarding incidence of ocular surface diseases were obtained from the medical records of Ali interconnection project staff medical station.The altitude of workplace and residence of the study population were obtained from the website (https: //zh-cn.topographic-map.com/legal/).The mean age of the subjects was (36.17±10.48) years, of which 95.33%(10, 612 subjects) were male.The median follow-up time was 1.53 years.The altitude of the residence and workplace were (1 954.77±940.64) and (4 535.09±232.71) meters, respectively.The incidence of ocular surface diseases in groups with different characteristics was calculated.Differential variables for the incidence of ocular surface diseases were screened by univariate Cox proportional hazards regression model.Influencing factors of ocular surface diseases multivariate were explored by Cox proportional hazards model.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University Health Science Center (No.IRB00001052-21066).Results:During the follow-up period, the incidence of ocular surface disease was 9.27% (1 032 cases), and the incidence of conjunctivitis and keratitis was 6.58% (733 cases) and 1.80% (200 cases), respectively.Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that for every 1 000 meters increase in altitude of residence, the risk of ocular surface disease decreased by 15% ( HR[95% CI]: 0.85[0.80~0.91], P<0.001).For every 100 meters increase in altitude of workplace, the risk of ocular surface disease increased by 5% ( HR[95% CI]: 1.04[1.01~1.07], P=0.006).Decreased blood oxygen saturation ( HR[95% CI]: 1.09[1.02~1.16], P=0.007), hearing pulmonary dry rales (hazard ratio ( HR)[95% CI]: 1.53[1.12~2.09], P=0.007) and heart murmurs ( HR[95% CI]: 4.44[1.43~13.83], P=0.010) were associated with ocular surface disease. Conclusions:The incidence of ocular surface disease in personnel engaged in electric grid construction at high altitudes should not be ignored.High working altitude, low residence altitude, pulmonary dry rales, heart murmurs and low blood oxygen saturation are factors associated with the incidence of ocular surface disease.

Ocular rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily affects the ocular surface and is often delayed in diagnosis due to the absence of skin symptoms.Studies have shown that 58.0% of patients with rosacea may present with ocular rosacea.At present, the pathogenesis of ocular rosacea is mainly related to immune dysregulation and Demodex mite infection.Common ocular features include meibomian gland dysfunction with recurrent styes, chronic blepharitis, diffuse congestive conjunctivitis, episcleritis, anterior uveitis and, rarely, corneal ulcers or even corneal perforation.Commonly used treatments such as physiotherapy, medication, laser therapy, etc.can significantly improve symptoms and protect vision, and patients with perforation may be considered for surgery.This article reviews the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of ocular rosacea and suggests possible future therapeutic drug targets to provide more effective treatment options in the future in the future.

Objective:To investigate the effect of myo-inositol on the reactivation of ocular dominance plasticity in the visual cortex of adult mice and its mechanisms.Methods:Thirty-two male SPF-grade C57BL/6J mice at postnatal day 60 (P60) were randomly divided into four groups using a random number table: normal control group, monocular form deprivation (MD) group, myo-inositol group (myo-inositol administered to normal mice), and MD+ myo-inositol group (myo-inositol administered to MD mice), with 8 mice in each group.The right eyes of MD group and MD+ myo-inositol group received MD on P60.Mice in each group were housed until P64 when pattern visual evoked potential (P-VEP) recordings were performed in both eyes.The amplitude and peak time of P100 wave were measured, and the contralateral/ipsilateral ratio (C/I) was calculated to evaluate the shift of ocular dominance.Twenty-four mice were randomly divided into MD group and MD+ myo-inositol group using the random number table method, with 12 mice in each group.RNA was extracted from the visual cortex of the two groups of mice, and transcriptomic sequencing and bioinformatics analysis were performed to screen differentially expressed genes.Six mice were randomly divided into MD group and MD+ myo-inositol group using the random number table method, with 3 mice in each group, and the expression changes of differentially expressed genes cell communication network factor 1( CCN1), fatty acid binding protein 7( Fabp7) and galectin-3 binding protein ( Lgals3bp) were verified by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.This study adhered to the Regulations on the Administration of Laboratory Animals (2017 Edition), and the research protocol was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University (No.TMUaMEC2022004). Results:The P-VEP results showed that the right eye P100 amplitudes in the normal control, MD, myo-inositol and MD+ myo-inositol groups were (89.04±19.87), (83.04±9.42), (88.14±21.75) and (61.75±15.42)μV, and the P100 wave peak time were (102.40±5.64), (101.50±8.26), (101.33±8.66) and (111.30±7.17)ms, and C/I were 2.38±0.17, 2.35±0.22, 2.41±0.31, and 1.65±0.24, respectively, with statistically significant overall differences ( F=5.844, 2.221, 16.634; all P<0.05).Compared with the normal control group, MD group and myo-inositol group, the MD+ myo-inositol group had a significant decrease in the P100 wave amplitude in the right eye, a significant prolongation of the P100 wave peak time, and a significant decrease in the C/I, with statistically significant differences (all P<0.05).There was no significant difference in P100 wave amplitude or peak time in the left eyes among the normal control, MD, myo-inositol and MD+ myo-inositol groups ( F=0.249, 1.356; both P>0.05).The transcriptome sequencing results showed that there were significant differences in the expression of 93 genes between the MD+ myo-inositol group and the MD group, among which the differential expression of CCN1, Fabp7 and Lgals3bp genes related to visual plasticity was particularly significant.The real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR results verified that the expression of CCN1 in the MD+ myo-inositol group was significantly decreased, and the expression of Fabp7 and Lgals3bp was significantly increased, with statistically significant differences ( t=17.561, 9.237, 12.710; all P<0.001). Conclusions:Myo-inositol can effectively reactivate ocular dominance plasticity in the visual cortex in adult mice, and may mediate this process by regulating the expression of specific genes CCN1, Fabp7, and Lgals3bp.

As a natural scaffold material with bioactive and biodegradable properties, fibrin demonstrates multidimensional therapeutic advantages in periorbital rejuvenation, including biocompatibility, degradability, and growth factor release kinetics.This article systematically reviews the classification of fibrin and its characteristic differences, with a focus on elucidating its mechanisms of action in periorbital applications, such as structural support and immediate volume filling, biostimulation and tissue regeneration, and immunomodulation of the microenvironment.Significant progress has been made in current clinical techniques regarding fibrin sources and preparation, combination strategies, and efficacy evaluation.Current clinical evidence indicated that fibrin-based monotherapy or combination therapies can significantly improve periorbital fine lines, skin texture, and hollowing, technical challenges remain, including short duration of effect, insufficient mechanical support, and technique-sensitive injection protocols.Further research should focus on material modification and intelligent delivery systems to address these challenges, thereby providing breakthrough solutions for periorbital rejuvenation from transient improvement to long-term regeneration.

Objective:To screen differentially expressed genes in the retinas of mice with experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) through transcriptome sequencing.Methods:Twenty 8-week-old SPF grade male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into EAU group and control group by random number table method, with 10 mice in each group.In the EAU group, an emulsion of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein 1-20 and complete Freund adjuvant was injected subcutaneously into the inner side of the hind limbs and intravenously into the tail vein of the mice, and pertussis toxin was injected intraperitoneally to establish the EAU model.In the control group, mice were subcutaneously injected with the corresponding volume of phosphate buffer solution.On the 21st day after model establishment, the anterior segment inflammation of the mouse eyes was examined using a slit-lamp microscope.Retinal blood vessels were observed by fundus photography and clinical inflammation was scored.Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the morphological changes in the retinal tissues of the two groups.Retinal tissues were collected from two groups of mice.RNA was extracted and cDNA libraries were constructed for transcriptome sequencing.The clusterProfiler package in R programming language was used to screen for differentially expressed genes in EAU, and to conduct GO and KEGG enrichment analyses.The expression of core differentially expressed genes in the retinal tissues was then verified using real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR.The breeding and use of experimental animals were in compliance with the relevant regulations of the Animal Ethics Committee of Anhui Medical University.The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Anhui Medical University (No.LLSC20221208).Results:On the 21st day after model establishment, the clinical score of the EAU group was 2.83±0.94, significantly higher than 1.89±0.93 of the control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=2.290, P<0.05). The retinal blood vessels of mice in the EAU group showed tortuosity and dilation.Histopathological examination revealed a large number of inflammatory cell infiltrations in the retina, indicating successful establishment of the EAU mouse model.Transcriptome sequencing of the mouse retinal tissues identified a total of 32 473 genes, and 154 differentially expressed genes were screened out.Among them, 79 genes were up-regulated with Gm38574, Tmem81, Ptpn7 being top three and 75 genes were down-regulated with Gm19802, Fga, Cyp3a11 being top three.GO enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were mostly related to immune response and cytokine action.KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in the Toll-like pathway and cytokine signaling pathway.Compared with the control group, the relative expression levels of Gm38574, Tmem81, and Ptpn7 in the retinal tissues of the EAU group were up-regulated, while the expression levels of Gm19802, Fga, and Cyp3a11 were down-regulated, and the differences were statistically significant ( t=9.755, 5.358, 6.289, 4.312, 6.577, 6.118; all P<0.05). Conclusions:There are significant differences in the key genes Gm38574, Tmem81, Ptpn7, Gm19802, Fga, and Cyp3a11 in the retinal tissues of EAU mice, mainly corelated with the cytokine interaction pathway, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway.

Objective:To investigate the effect of monocular form deprivation (MD) during the pre-critical period of visual development on the density and morphology of dendritic spines in mouse primary visual cortex (V1) neurons.Methods:Twenty SPF male C57BL/6J mice with eyes opened on postnatal day 14 (P14) were selected and divided into MD and control groups using a random number table, with 10 mice in each group.The MD group was fed to P18 after 4 days of MD in the right eye, and the control group was raised to P18 under the same feeding conditions.All mice were decapitated after cardiac perfusion, and the sections were stained with the cell membrane fluorescent probe 1, 1′-dioctadecyl-3, 3′, 3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate, and imaged by laser scanning confocal microscopy to observe and compare the differences in density and morphology of dendritic spines in bilateral V1 neurons between the control group and the MD group.This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Tianjin Medical University (No.TMUaMEC2022004).Results:The total density of dendritic spines in the V1 area on the left side of the control group, the right side of the control group, the left side of the MD group, and the right side of the MD group were (7.57±0.25), (7.42±0.25), (6.54±0.18), and (7.51±0.29)spines/10 μm, respectively, with a statistically significant overall difference ( F=3.818, P<0.05).The total density of dendritic spines in the left V1 area of mice in the MD group was significantly lower than that in the left side of the control group and the right side of the MD group, and the differences were statistically significant (both P<0.05).There was a significant difference in the proportion of the four types of dendritic spines in V1 neurons on both sides between the two groups ( χ2=26.295, P=0.002).There was a significant difference in the proportion of the four types of dendritic spines between the left V1 of the MD group and the left and right V1 of the control group (both P<0.008 3).There was a significant difference in the filopodia-type dendritic spine density in bilateral V1 neurons between the two groups ( F=3.253, P<0.05).Compared with the left V1 area of the control group, the density of filopodia-type dendritic spines in the left V1 area of the MD group decreased significantly, with a statistical significance ( P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the density of thin-type, mushroom-type, and stubby-type dendritic spines in bilateral V1 area neurons between the two groups ( F=1.760, 2.618, 1.749; all P>0.05). Conclusions:MD during the pre-critical period of visual development can cause a decrease in the total density of dendritic spines and significant changes in the compositional proportions in the V1 contralateral to the deprived eye, and is mainly manifested by a decrease in the number of filopodia, suggesting that abnormal visual experience can cause plastic changes in the number and structure of synapses in the visual cortex during the pre-critical period of visual development.

Objective:To investigate the effect of brinzolamide-timolol maleate eye drops on the metabolism of intravitreally injected vancomycin hydrochloride (VH) in rabbit eyes.Methods:Nine healthy male New Zealand white rabbits were selected.Among them, three were used to extract blank aqueous humor and the right eyes of the remaining six were set as experimental eyes.The experimental eye was topically administered 30 μl of brinzolamide-timolol maleate eye drops twice a day.The fellow eyes were set as control eyes.The intraocular pressure of both eyes was measured before the initial application of the eye drops and 1 hour after application of the eye drops next day.Both eyes of each rabbit were intravitreally injected with 0.5 mg of VH (10 mg/ml) solution.The aqueous humor was drawn at 2 hours and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days after intravitreal injection.VH concentrations in aqueous humor were measured by high performance liquid chromatography.The time of peak concentrations ( tmax), peak concentration ( Cmax), elimination half-life ( t1/2) and the area under the concentration-time curve ( AUC) of VH in rabbit eyes were calculated by the average concentrations.This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Henan Eye Hospital (No.HNEECA-2023-01). Results:The intraocular pressure after eye drop was significantly lower than that before eye drop in experimental eyes ( P<0.01).The tmax of VH in experimental eyes and control eyes were both 1 day.The Cmax of VH in experimental eyes and control eyes were (61.40±13.48) and (51.56±5.07)μg/ml, respectively.The VH aqueous concentrations in the experimental eyes on days 4, 6 and 8 after injection were all significantly higher than those in the control eye ( t=2.378, 3.150, 2.694; all P<0.05).The t1/2 of VH in the aqueous humor of the experimental eyes was 2.69 days, which was 31% longer than 2.05 days of the control eyes.The AUC0-10 d of experimental eyes increased by 24.3% relative to the control eyes. Conclusions:Brinzolamide-timolol maleate eye drops can significantly extend the ocular residence time of intravitreally injected VH.

The treat-and-extend (T&E) protocol for treating neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is one of the commonly used anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment strategies in clinical practice.It effectively improves vision while extending treatment intervals and reducing the number of clinic visits.In the Asia-Pacific region, where medical resources are limited and patient compliance is often poor, the T&E protocol offers unique advantages.However, there are currently no guidelines on the T&E protocol in this region, and its clinical use lacks standardized treatment pathways.In 2021, the Asia-Pacific Vitreo-Retina Society (APVRS) expert panel reviewed and summarized clinical research on the anti-VEGF T&E protocol, combining this with clinical practice to develop a set of consensus recommendations for using the T&E protocol to treat nAMD in the Asia-Pacific region.This article reviews and interprets the latest T&E treatment protocol proposed by the APVRS expert panel to guide clinicians in standardized treatment.

Objective:To systematically evaluate the influencing factors of retinal re-detachment after the first silicone oil removal.Methods:Chinese databases (CNKI, CBM, VIP, Wanfang) and English databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Web of science) were searched to retrieve the factors affecting the retinal re-detachment after the first pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) combined with silicone oil removal from the inception of the databases to August 20, 2023.The quality of literature was evaluated according to the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS).The influencing factors related to the retinal re-detachment after the first silicone oil removal were extracted from the literature, and the influencing factors mentioned in <3 literatures were excluded.RevMan5.3 software was used for quantitative and comprehensive analysis.Results:A total of 14 articles were included, including 3 393 eyes, with 498 eyes in the recurrent group, and 2 895 eyes in the non-recurrent group.The results of meta-analysis showed that high myopia (odds ratio [ OR]=1.40, 95% confidence interval [ CI]: 1.08-1.81), giant retinal hole( OR=2.36, 95% CI: 1.63-3.41), vitreous residue ( OR=130.02, 95% CI: 66.03-256.02), intraocular lens status before PPV ( OR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.26-2.75) were the risk factors for retinal re-detachment after silicone oil removal.Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment ( OR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.50-0.92), PPV combined with external scleral compression ( OR=0.63, 95% CI: 0.45-0.88) and fundus laser photocoagulation 2-4 weeks before silicone oil removal ( OR=0.25, 95% CI: 0.13-0.49) were protective factors for retinal detachment after silicone oil removal.The results of sensitivity analysis showed that there was no significant change in the analysis results after changing the analysis model.There was no publication bias among the included studies. Conclusions:High myopia, giant retinal detachment, vitreous residue and intraocular lens status before PPV increased the risk of retinal re-detachment after the first silicone oil removal, Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, PPV combined with external scleral pressure and fundus laser photocoagulation 2-4 weeks before silicone oil removal may be protective factors.