OBJECTIVETo understand the feeding status of Tibetan children aged below three years old.

METHODSCross-sectional study and randomly sampling were used. The information on complementary food was obtained through the recollection from mother of the child. Data of complementary food of Tibet children was compared with those of the children from the surveys of nine cities in China and 40 poor counties in western China.

RESULTSOne thousand six hundred and fifty-five children were studied. The findings indicated that the age of introduction of Zanba (a kind food of mixture of highland barley flour and butter) was 1.98 months after birth and the age of introduction of egg and meat was about 8 - 9 months. Boys were fed with Zanba earlier than girls but there was no significant difference in the introduction of other complementary food between sexes. Urban children were introduced with complementary food earlier than rural children, and children in the agricultural region earlier than those in the pasturing region. The proportion of no introduction of any complementary food by the age of 4 months was about 10.6% for urban children, but 21.7% for rural children while 14.2% for children in the agricultural region and 30.9% for children in the pasturing region. The proportion of no introduction of complementary food was 11.5% for Tibetan children compared with 45.2% for the children of 40 poor counties in western China. The proportions of introduction of the following complementary foods were 89.1% for Zanba, 22.1% for egg, 29.1% for fresh milk, 23.5% for meat, 17.5% for vegetable, 0.75% for bean products, 1.03% for fish and 3.35% for chicken respectively.

CONCLUSIONSThe main complementary foods for Tibetan children included Zanba, milk, mutton and beef. There was a small amount of vegetable in diet. The introduction of bean, chicken and fish was not common. Early and monotony seemed to be the character of introduction of complementary food for Tibetan children. Improving introduction of complementary food is important in enhancing the nutritional status of Tibetan children.

Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Child, Preschool ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Feeding Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Food ; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Male ; Nutrition Surveys ; Sampling Studies ; Tibet

OBJECTIVESTo investigate the change of pesticide residues in Chinese dietary through analysis on results of the pesticide residues in the Chinese total diet study carried out the first in 1990.

METHODSOrganochlorine, such as HCH and DDT of 9 groups and 15 organophosphorus pesticide residues of 3 groups in four regions of China were determined by gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and gas chromatography-flame photometric detector (GC-FPD) respectively. According to the amount of pesticide residues in various foods and the amount of food consumption in different areas, we calculated the amount of dietary intake of pesticide residues, then compared with the acceptable daily intake (ADI) or provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI). The contaminated samples were validated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).

RESULTSResults showed that the total dietary daily intake of HCH per person was decreasing from 5.04 micro g in 1990 to 3.11 micro g in 2000, where as the total dietary daily intake of DDT per person was decreasing from 20.47 micro g in 1990 to 2.15 micro g in 2000. The result was less than 1 percent difference of PTDI (0.01 mg/kg bw) established by the Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) in 2000. Compared to the results in 1990, the intake of HCH from animal foods increased a little, due to the contaminated of aquatic products by Lindan in the second Southern region and the first Northern region. None of the organophosphorous pesticide residues analyzed were detected in cereals, vegetables and fruits.

CONCLUSIONThe intake level of pesticide residues in Chinese dietary in 2000 was considered to be low, and the abuse of organophosphorous pesticide seemed to be under effective control.

Animals ; China ; DDT ; analysis ; Edible Grain ; chemistry ; Fish Products ; analysis ; Food Contamination ; analysis ; Fruit ; chemistry ; Humans ; Insecticides ; analysis ; Lindane ; analysis ; Pesticide Residues ; analysis ; Seafood ; analysis ; Vegetables ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo carry out national active surveillance on Listeria monocytogenes in foods in China.

METHODSFour thousand and thirty-four random samples from raw meat, meat product, raw milk, vegetable, yoghurt, icecream and aquatic product were collected in 11 provinces (cities), and examined for Listeria monocytogenes according to the national standard method and confirmed by BAX system (DuPont Qualicon, Wilmington, DE).

RESULTSSeventy isolates four kinds of foods in seven provinces were found to have LM according to the national standard method with a total isolate rate of 1.74%. In Fujian, the rate was higher than in the other provinces. Raw meat was found to be most heavily contaminated in seven kinds of foods. Comparing to national standard method, BAX system showed good sensitivity (> 98%) and specificity (> 97%).

CONCLUSIONIn each province seven kinds of food were all contaminated by Listeria monocytogenes to some degrees, suggesting that local sanitary surveillance should be strengthened. BAX system can be used to correctly and quickly screen Listeria monocytogenes.

Animals ; Cattle ; China ; Food Microbiology ; Listeria monocytogenes ; isolation & purification ; Meat ; microbiology ; Meat Products ; microbiology ; Milk ; microbiology ; Seafood ; microbiology ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Sheep ; Swine

OBJECTIVETo explore the status of clenbuterol pollution in swine products in Beijing city in 2002.

METHODSEuropean Union method (EUR 15127-EN Cy2.3) was adopted to examine the samples. Samples were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirmed by GC-MS. Detected limit of the method was 0.5 micro g/kg. Samples, including lung, liver, pork, kidney and urine of swine, were collected from slaughterhouses, refrigeratories and markets in 11 districts of Beijing.

RESULTSThe results indicated that 185 out of 1 379 samples were positive with an annual positive rate of 13.4%. The highest was 15.7% in lung of swine, followed by urine 15.2% and pork liver 14.0%.

CONCLUSIONRates of detection had decreased from 30.0% to 2.7% during 2002.

Animals ; China ; Clenbuterol ; analysis ; Drug Residues ; analysis ; Food Contamination ; analysis ; Humans ; Meat ; analysis ; Meat Products ; Swine

OBJECTIVETo explore relationships among several capture-recapture methods to be used in injury studies.

METHODSComparing the method on the estimation number of missed cases with supergeometric distribution and proportional methods and study the relationship between the three methods.

RESULTSResults from estimation method for number of missed cases and supergeometric distribution were identical while the formula of estimation method for number of missed cases could be induced from one of supergeometric distribution formula. The distribution of injured population did not belong to the negative binomial distribution. The estimation range was not the same between proportional method and supergeometric distribution.

CONCLUSIONSEither supergeometric distribution or estimation method for number of missed cases could be chosen, but the former was simple in calculation. Considering the estimating range was not the same between supergeometric distribution and proportional method, conditions for application must be considered during implementation.

Epidemiologic Methods ; Humans ; Population Surveillance ; Wounds and Injuries ; prevention & control

OBJECTIVEIn order to provide reliable data for strategies development on prevention, a meteorological factors-based predicating model for malaria forecast was studied.

METHODSData on malaria occurrence and climate changes from 1994 to 1999 in counties in Yunnan province was collected and analyzed with software packages of FoxPro 6.0 and Excel 5.0. The forecasting model for malaria occurrence was established, using the Neural Network Toolbox of Matlab 6.1 software package. In the studies of forecasting model, data of malaria and meteorological factors from 1994 to 1999 in Honghe state in Yunnan province was chosen. The meteorological factors included average monthly pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, monthly maximum air temperature, minimum air temperature, rainfall, rainday, evaporation and sunshine hours in the study. The established forecasting model was also tested and verified.

RESULTSThe BP network model was established according to data of diseases and meteorological factors from Honghe state in Yunnan province. After training the neural network for 100 times, the error of performance decreased from 3.23608 to 0.035862. Verified by fact data of malaria, the efficiency of malaria forecasting was 84.85%.

CONCLUSIONNeural network model was effective for forecasting malaria. It showed advantages as: strong ability for analysis, lower claim for data, convenient and easy to apply etc. Neural network model might be used as a new method for malaria forecasting.

Humans ; Malaria ; etiology ; Meteorological Concepts ; Neural Networks (Computer)

OBJECTIVETo determine the incidence and risk factors for nosocomial infection in child epilepsy.

METHODSA retrospective study was conducted among all (292 cases) hospitalized children epilepsy patients in First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University from 1996 to 2000 in Fuzhou city. With all patients with nosocomial infection as cases and all patients without nosocomial infection as controls, a case-control study on risk factors for nosocomial infection was carried out. Available data were analyzed by one-way Chi-square test and unconditional logistic multiple regression model.

RESULTSOne hundred fourteen cases of nosocomial infection were identified among 292 cases with epilepsy with an incidence of 39.0% (114/292). The one-way Chi-square test showed that nosocomial infection was significantly associated with age below 3 years (OR = 2.55, P < 0.01), length of hospitalization over 14 days (OR = 4.75, P < 0.01), low intelligence (OR = 3.13, P < 0.01), receiving antibiotic unreasonably (OR = 3.51, P < 0.01), using gastrogarage (OR = 3.12, P < 0.01), other invasive operation (OR = 1.85, P < 0.05) dyskinesia or palsy (OR = 3.51, P < 0.01), and urinary nitrogen beyond normal range (OR = 5.00, P < 0.05), etc. Unconditional logistic multiple regression analysis revealed that the length of hospitalization over 14 days (OR = 4.30, OR 95% CI: 2.48 - 7.46, P < 0.01), taking antibiotic unreasonably (OR = 2.74, OR 95% CI: 1.30 - 5.77, P < 0.01), using gastrogarage (OR = 3.04, OR 95% CI: 1.28 - 7.18, P < 0.05), and low intelligence (OR = 2.32, OR 95% CI: 1.34 - 4.01, P < 0.01) were independent risk factors for nosocomial infection. The tendency chi-square test showed that the longer stay in the hospital with more kinds of antibiotic used and more gastrogarage they used, the greater the risk of nosocomial infection was.

CONCLUSIONData suggested that occurrence of the nosocomial infection of children epilepsy patients was correlated with the length of hospitalization over 14 days, unreasonable using antibiotic, using gastrogarage and low intelligence.

Case-Control Studies ; Child ; Child, Hospitalized ; Child, Preschool ; Cross Infection ; etiology ; Epilepsy ; complications ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Length of Stay ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Risk Factors

OBJECTIVETo explore the relation of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism, angiotensin II type I receptor (ATIR) gene polymorphism and other factors on cerebral infarction.

METHODSOne thousand three hundred fifty-one subjects from Tangshan coalmine were enrolled with study method of cluster sampling. Face to face interviews were conducted to fill in questionnaires by trained interviewers. ACE gene, ATIR gene and inflammation factors including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-10, C reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen (Fg), fibrin monome polymerized velocity (FMPV), absorbance maximum (A(max)), FMPV/A(max), were measured.

RESULTSNo different prevalence rates of ACE genotype were found on cerebral infarction. The distributions of AA genotype of ATIR gene in the cerebral infarction was higher than that of the controls. The prevalence of AA genotype was higher than other groups, but the prevalence of combined genotype did not show much difference. Under the existence of factors that related to cerebral infarction, AA genotype frequencies were higher than those of non-smoking and with hypertension. IL-6, ATIR gene polymorphism, sex, FMPV/A(max) were strongly related to cerebral infarction. The level of IL-6 was higher than the normal ones.

CONCLUSIONSThe prevalence of cerebral infarction obviously increased in the hypertensive groups having AA genotype of ATIR gene. In the cerebral infarction groups, the level of IL-6 was higher than that in the normal population, indicating that these can be resulted from local inflammation and immunity reactivity. Environmental and genetic factors in the pathogenesis of cerebral infarction might have coordinating functions.

Aged ; Cerebral Infarction ; genetics ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Genotype ; Humans ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A ; genetics ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo introduce Meta-analysis in evaluating diagnostic tests.

METHODAdjusted SROC method was used in assessing 7 diagnostic tests on fatty liver.

RESULTSThe pooled sensitivity and specificity of type B ultrasonography were 0.89 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.87-0.92] and 0.94 (95% CI: 0.92-0.96) respectively while the Q value was 0.90 by adjusted SROC method. The results indicated that the diagnostic value of type B ultrasonography were high, thus could be regarded as an effective method for fatty liver diagnosis.

CONCLUSIONMeta-analysis on evaluating diagnostic tests could be used to assess the diagnostic test to increase the power of conclusion, and to improves its reliability.

Diagnostic Tests, Routine ; standards ; Evaluation Studies as Topic ; Fatty Liver ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Liver ; diagnostic imaging ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Ultrasonography

OBJECTIVETo study the center effect discrepancy in the multi-center clinical trials.

METHODSTwo groups of data collected from the multi-center clinical trials were used. Data were processed by covariance analysis and Meta-analysis.

RESULTSIn the covariance analysis, the discrepancy of the center effect values indicated statistical significance. Through Meta-analysis on fixed effect model, the discrepancy in one heterogeneity test showed no statistical significance (P > 0.05) while the inter-group discrepancy of the merged effect values drawn from analysis based on fixed effect model having statistical significance (P < 0.05). In the random effect model, the discrepancy in one heterogeneity test showed statistical significance (P < 0.05) while the inter-group discrepancy of the merged effect values drawn from analysis based on random effect model having no statistical significance (P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSStudies on multi-center random controlled clinical trials, when statistical significance was found in the interaction discrepancy between the inter-center and the center-group relation, the merged effect values should be compared and analyzed by an appropriate statistic model based on the heterogeneous test results from the Meta-analysis. However, if the result from covariance analysis and the one from Meta-analysis did not agree to each other, the results drawn from the Meta-analysis were reliable.

Data Collection ; Humans ; Multicenter Studies as Topic ; methods ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; methods