Energy metabolism varies in different periods during the lifetime or in different pathological states. Resting energy expenditure (REE) may increase in some patients with malignant tumors, but may also show no significant difference when compared with healthy people or patients with benign tumors. The alteration of REE may be related to tumor site, pathologic stage, methods of treatment, and/or laboratory tests. The efficacy of a certain therapy may also affect REE in patients with malignant tumors: when a therapy is effective, the value of REE can return normal; however, when the treatment fails, REE will not be improved or become even higher.Mechanism governing the abnormalities of REE in patients with malignant tumors may be associated with the abnormal nutrition metabolism and the regulations of relevant cytokines.

Monascus-fermented rice is a natural food and traditional Chinese medicine. Besides its wellknown effectiveness in lowering blood lipids, Monascus-fermented rice is also beneficial for decreasing blood pressure, preventing osteoporosis, and lowering blood sugar. This article reviews recent advances in its non-anti-hyperlipemic effects and their potential mechanisms.

Objective To explore the role of process management in preventing peripheral central venous catheter (PICC)-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI). Methods A standard process management policy was established for the uniform management of PICC in our hospital. The incidences of CRBSI before and after the implementation of this policy were compared. Results The incidences of CRBSI was 6.0‰ (48/79 793 ) every 1000 catheter-days before process management and 2.9‰ (29/99643) after process management (P =0.000).Conclusion Standard process management can effectively prevent and control CRBSI caused by PICC.

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is an convenient, effective, and safe technique,and is especially useful for the nutritional support of patients who are unable to befedorally. PEG should be carefully arranged based on indications, ethical criteria, and contraindications. Early PEG can remarkably improve the quality of life.

Objective To explore the effects of lactoferrin on T cells ( the levels of CD4 + T and CD8 +T lymphocytes) and the development of intestinal mucous membrane (villus heights, crypt depths, villus circumferences, and villus areas) in neonatal SD rats. Methods Totally 96 neonatal (one week old) SD rats were equally and randomly divided into twelve groups, in which animals were fed with lactoferrin at a dose of 1.0 g/( kg · d) (dose Ⅰ group), 3.0 g/(kg · d) (dose Ⅱ group), or 5.0 g/(kg · d) (dose Ⅲ group) for 2, 3, or4 weeks,with corresponding blank control groups. Rats in the dosage groups were killed at the set time points and the levels of venous blood CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes were detected using immunofluorescence method. Jejunum ( 1 cm)and ileum (1 cm) specimens were obtained for pathological sectioning, and the villus height, crypt depth, villus circumferences, and villus areas were measured through image analysis system. Results The CD4 + T lymphocyte levels at two weeks were significantly different among dose I group, dose Ⅱ group, and control groups ( all P ＜0. 05).The CD8 + T lymphocyte levels at two weeks were significantly different among dose Ⅱ group, dose Ⅲ group,and control groups ( all P ＜ 0. 05 ). The villus heights, crypt depths, villus circumferences, and villus areas of jejunum at two weeks between feeding groups and control groups were not significantly different ( all P ＞ 0. 05 ), while the condition in ileum was on the contrary. The CD4 + T lymphocyte levels at three weeks were significantly different between feeding groups and control groups ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). The CD8 + T lymphocyte levels at three weeks between dose Ⅲ group and control groups were significantly different ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). The villus heights, crypt depths, villus circumferences, and villus areas of jejunum and ileum at three weeks were significantly different between feeding groups and control groups ( all P ＜ 0. 05 ). The CD4 + T lymphocyte levels at four weeks between feeding groups and control groups were significantly different (P ＜0. 05). The CD8 + T lymphocyte levels at four weeks were significantly different among dose Ⅱ group, dose Ⅲ group, and control groups ( all P ＜ 0. 05 ). Except villus areas of ileum, the villus heights, crypt depths, villus circumferences of jejunum and ileum, and villus areas of jejunum at four weeks were significantly different between feeding groups and control groups ( all P ＜ 0.05 ). Conclusions Lactoferrin can promote the levels of CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes in venous blood and facilitate the development of the mucous membranes of jejunum and ileum. However, such effects are affected by the dose and timing of lactoferrin feeding.

Objective To investigate the blood levels of amino acids in children aged 0-15 year, with an attempt to provide evidence for evaluating amino acid status and diagnosing metabolic diseases of amino acid.Methods The blood levels of eleven amino acids in 1900 children aged 0-15 years were determined by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Results The blood levels of leucine & isoleucine, valine, phenylalanine tyrosine,glycine, proline, ornithine, and alanine gradually decreased after birth, reaching the lowest levels at the ages of 4-6 months, and then gradually increased, reaching the normal range at the ages of 7 months-1 year. The blood levels of alanine and glycine reach the second peaks on the ages of 9 years in girls and on 11 years in boys. The blood levels of methionine and arginine were lowest in the first week of age, became highest in 1-3 months, decreased to the normal ranges after 4-6 months, and kept the level afterwards. The ratios between prosomatic amino acid and productive amino acid, between ornithine and arginine, between citrulline and arginine, and between ornithin and citrulline were highest in the first week of age and decreased to normal values after 3 to 12 months. The concentrations of amino acids in group of 7 months-15 years were significantly different from the group of 1 day-1 month and group of 2-6 months (P ＜0. 05 or P ＜0. 01 ). The concentrations of amino acids were significantly higher in females than in males in the group of 1 day-1 month and in all age groups (P ＜0. 05 or P ＜0. 01 ) . Conclusions The concentrations and profiles of amino acids change remarkably during the first year of age. Age should be carefully considered when evaluating the nutritional status of amino acid and diagnosing metabolic diseases of amino acids.

Objective To summarize the strategies of nutritional support for patients with hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis (HLAP). Methods The clinical data of six HLAP patients who were treated in our department from January 1998 to December 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. Results The disease conditions of all patients were improved after fasting and early nutritional support and lipid-lowering treatment. Three cases with severe HLAP received enteral nutrition via a nasojejunal tube. Another three patients with milder HLAP obtained low-fat diet and orally administered lipid-lowering drugs. The plasma triglyceride levels decreased from (25.30 ± 20. 48 ) mmol/L to (5.41 ±4.55) mmol/L. No relapse was noted during follow-up (range: 3 -24 months). Conclusions The approaches of nutritional support for HLAP patients should be customized based on the specific disease conditions,and the enteral nutrition and lipid-lowering drugs should be reasonably and carefully designed and applied. For severe HLAP, nasojejunal tube should be maintained in the early stage to ensure the application of enteral nutrition and lipid-lowering drugs, protect the integrity of gut mucosal barrier, and decrease the fluctuation of blood glucose.

Objective To compare the effectiveness of enteral nutritional emulsion (TPF-D) and enteral nutritional emulsion (TP) in patients with chronic wound and diabetes (CWD). Methods Totally 20 CWD patients in Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from June 2008 to June 2010 were enrolled in this study. Enteral nutritional emulsion (TP) was used for the first 5 days ( TP group) and enteral nutritional emulsion (TPF-D) was used for the second 5 days (TPF-D group). Changes of mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), insulin dosage, and prealbumin (PA) were compared between TPF-D group and TP group. The adverse effects and post-operational complications were also observed. Results The every-day MAGE was (2. 56 ±0. 35) mmol/L in TPF-D group, which was significantly lower than that in TP group [ (3.23 ± 0. 42) mmol/L] ( P = 0. 01 ). The mean insulin dosage was (9.6 ± 1.7) U in TPF-D group, which was significantly lower than that in TP group [ ( 12. 2 ± 2. 5 ) U ] ( P =0.03 ). The increase of PA showed no significant difference between TPF-D group [ ( 12.7 ± 3. 3) mg/L] and TP group [ ( 13.4 ± 2. 8 ) mg/L ] ( P = 0. 08 ). No enteral nutrition-related adverse effect or post-operation complication was noted. Conclusion Compared with TP, TPF-D is more suitable for the CWD patients.

Objective To investigate the influence of enteral nutrition (EN) via feeding pump-based continuous infusion (FPBCI) on nutrition support-associated complications in stroke patients. Methods Totally 53 patients were randomized into BPBCI group (n = 28) and control group (bolus feeding) (n = 25 ). The nutrition support-associated complications including bloating, diarrhea, hyperglycemia, and regurgitation-associated low respiratory tract infection were compared between these two groups. Results The incidences of nutrition support-associated complications were significantly lower in BPBCI group than in control group (bloating: 14.3%vs. 64.0%, P=0.0002; diarrhea: 25.0% vs. 52.0%, P=0.0429; hyperglycemia: 17.9% vs. 44.0%, P=0. 0385 ). There was no significant difference in regurgitation-associated lower respiratory tract infection between these two groups (32. 1% vs. 40.0% , P = 0. 5516). Conclusion Compared with conventional bolus feeding,BPBCI may greatly decrease tube-feeding related complications.

Objective To observe the effects of different interventions on the body mass index (BMI) and body fat content in overweight and obese adolescents, with an attempt to design reasonable weight relief program.Methods Totally 67 overweight or obese adolescents from a middle school of Beijing were randomly divided into three groups: control group ( n = 16 ), diet intervention group ( n= 22), and combined interventions group ( n =29). The changes of BMI and body fat rate (BFR) were observed. Results BMI significantly decreased after interventions ( diet intervention group: P = 0. 000; combined interventions group: P = 0. 018 ); the change of BMI in diet intervention group was significantly larger than that in control group ( P = 0. 035 ). The trunk and body BFRs also significantly decreased after interventions (diet intervention group: P=0. 000, P = 0. 013; combined interventions group: P = 0. 000, P = 0. 000 ); the changes of trunk and body BFRs were significantly larger in combined interventions group than those in control group ( P = 0.005, P = 0. 003 ). Conclusion Diet intervention and combined interventions are both effective in achieving weight loss in adolescents, and combined interventions have superior effectiveness.