1. Investigation and analysis on characteristics of a cluster of COVID-19 associated with exposure in a department store in Tianjin
Weishen WU ; Yonggang LI ; Zhaofei WEI ; Penghui ZHOU ; Likun LYU ; Guoping ZHANG ; Ying ZHAO ; Haiyan HE ; Xiaoyan LI ; Lu GAO ; Xiumei ZHANG ; Hui LIU ; Ning ZHOU ; Yan GUO ; Xiaomeng ZHANG ; Dan ZHANG ; Jing LIU ; Ying ZHANG
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2020;41(4):489-493
Objective:
To describe the epidemiological characteristics of a cluster of COVID-19 cases reported in Baodi district of Tianjin as of 18 February, 2020, which might be associated with the exposure in a local department store, and provide suggestions for prevention and control strategy development.
Methods:
The basic characteristics, time and area distributions, clinical manifestations, epidemiological history and transmission mode of the COVID-19 cases associated with the department store exposure were analyzed.
Results:
A total of 40 COVID-19 cases were associated with the department store exposure, accounting for 75.47% of the total confirmed cases (53 cases) reported in Baodi district. The cases were mainly at the age of 60 years or older (35.00%) and farmers (40.00%). The main clinical manifestations included fever (95.00%), cough (35.00%), and diarrhea (15.00%). The proportion of confirmed severe cases was 32.50%. The incidence curve showed that the incidence peak occurred on 31 January, 2020. Among the 40 cases, 6(15.00%) were department store employees, 19(47.50%) were customers and 15(37.50%) were close contacts (secondary cases). The first case occurred on 21 January, 2020, this case was a department store employee who had a purchasing history at whole sale markets in other provinces and cities before the onset, and 3 employees were still on duty after symptom onsets. The median of the incubation period of customer cases was 6 days, and the median of the interval between onset and medical treatment of customer cases was 7 days.
Conclusion
This was a cluster epidemic of COVID-19, which might be associated with the exposure in the department store. By now, the current prevention and control measures have achieved satisfied effects.
2.Roadmap Out of COVID-19
Thor J ; Pagkaliwagan E ; Yeo A ; Loh J ; Kon C
Malaysian Orthopaedic Journal 2020;14(No.3):4-9
The recent coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was declared as
a public health emergency by the World Health Organisation
on 30th January 2020, and has now affected more than 100
countries. Healthcare institutions and governments
worldwide have raced to contain the disease, albeit to
varying degrees of success. Containment strategies adopted
range from complete lockdowns to remaining open with
public advisories regarding social distancing. However,
general principles adopted by most countries remain the
same, mainly to avoid gatherings in large numbers and limit
social interactions to curb the spread of disease. In
Singapore, this disease had a very different progression. The
first wave of the disease started with the confirmation of the
first COVID-19 positive patient in Singapore on 23rd
January 2020. Initially, the daily number of confirmed cases
were low and manageable. With a rise in unlinked cases, the
Disease Outbreak Response System Condition (DORSCON)
status was raised from yellow to orange. New cluster
outbreaks in foreign worker dormitories led to the rampant
spread of disease, with daily spikes of COVID-19 cases. As
of 7th June 2020, we have a total of 37,910 confirmed cases
of COVID-19 infections, the highest in Southeast Asia,
12,999 active cases and a manageable mortality count of 25
deaths. This details our unique method for dealing with a
pandemic, including a brief demographic of trauma patients
during this period. We were able to conserve sufficient
resources to ensure that our essential services can still
continue. Moving on, we have to ensure the continued
protection of our population, especially the vulnerable
groups such as the elderly and the immunocompromised, as
we reopen.
3. COVID-19 Pandemic: global epidemiological trends and China’s subsequent preparedness and responses
Yan GUO ; Yangmu HUANG ; Jie HUANG ; Yinzi JIN ; Wen JIANG ; Peilong LIU ; Fangjing LIU ; Junxiong MA ; Jiyan MA ; Yu WANG ; Zheng XIE ; Hui YIN ; Chunshan ZHAO ; Shuduo ZHOU ; Ji ZHANG ; Zhijie ZHENG ; Zhijie ZHENG
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2020;41(5):643-648
The outbreak of COVID-19 has spread quickly across 114 countries/territories/areas in six continents worldwide and has been announced as a pandemic by WHO. This study analyzed global COVID-19 epidemiological trends, examined impact of the pandemic on global health security, diplomacy, and social environment in China, and provided short- and long-term strategic policy recommendations for China’s subsequent preparedness and responses.
4.Myalgia may not be associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
World Journal of Emergency Medicine 2020;11(3):193-194
A recent study based on the use of experimental
artificial intelligence (AI) tool showed 70%–80%
accuracy in predicting development of severe disease
in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) based on
predictive parameters alanine aminotransferase (ALT),
myalgia and hemoglobin, whilst only 5 of 53 patients
developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS),
2 of whom reporting myalgia.[1] It is commonly
advocated that myalgia may reflect generalized
inflammation and cytokine response.[1] Multiple studies
showed that myalgia is a common symptom at onset
of COVID-19, seen in up to 36% of such patients.[2]
Therefore, in this short article we aim to further assess
whether myalgia may be a reliable predictor of severe
COVID-19 disease.
5. Epidemiological analysis on a family cluster of COVID-19
Yuanying QIU ; Songqiang WANG ; Xiaoli WANG ; Weixia LU ; Dan QIAO ; Jianbin LI ; Yuanyuan GU ; Yan ZENG ; Ying CHEN ; Weizhi BAI ; Bianli XU ; Tongwu HAN
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2020;41(4):506-509
Objective:
To understand the possible transmission route of a family cluster of COVID-19 in Zhengzhou and the potential infectivity of COVID-19 in incubation period, and provide scientific evidence for the timely control of infectious source and curb the spread of the epidemic.
Methods:
Epidemiological investigation was conducted for a family cluster of COVID-19 (8 cases) with descriptive epidemiological method, and respiratory tract samples of the cases were collected for the nucleic acid detection of 2019-nCoV by RT-PCR.
Results:
Two primary cases, which occurred on 31 January and 1 February, 2020, respectively, had a common exposure history in Wuhan. The other six family members had onsets on 30 January, 31 January, 1 February (three cases) and 3 February, 2020.
Conclusions
In this family cluster of COVID-19, six family members were infected through common family exposure to the 2 primary cases. Five secondary cases had onsets earlier than or on the same day as the primary cases, indicating that COVID-19 is contagious in incubation period, and the home isolation in the early phase of the epidemic might lead to the risk of family cluster of COVID-19.
6. An overview of COVID-19
Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B 2020;21(5):343-360
Pneumonia caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection emerged in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China in December 2019. By Feb. 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially named the disease resulting from infection with SARS-CoV-2 as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). COVID-19 represents a spectrum of clinical manifestations that typically include fever, dry cough, and fatigue, often with pulmonary involvement. SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and most individuals within the population at large are susceptible to infection. Wild animal hosts and infected patients are currently the main sources of disease which is transmitted via respiratory droplets and direct contact. Since the outbreak, the Chinese government and scientific community have acted rapidly to identify the causative agent and promptly shared the viral gene sequence, and have carried out measures to contain the epidemic. Meanwhile, recent research has revealed critical aspects of SARS-CoV-2 biology and disease pathogenesis; other studies have focused on epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, as well as drug and vaccine development. This review aims to summarize the latest research findings and to provide expert consensus. We will also share ongoing efforts and experience in China, which may provide insight on how to contain the epidemic and improve our understanding of this emerging infectious disease, together with updated guidance for prevention, control, and critical management of this pandemic.
7.Winning The War Against Covid-19 In Malaysia: An Achievable Goal?
Mohd Hafiz Jaafar ; Amirah Azzeri
Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine 2020;20(1):148-149
The World Health Organization (WHO) has initially categorised COVID-19 infection as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) in late January 2020 and later on declared the outbreak as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. On February 4, 2020 the first Malaysian positive COVID-19 patients was detected. It was estimated through a thorough decision tree technique, cumulatively 22,000 positive patients were expected to be infected nationwide. At the current rate of disease detection, screening yield and clinical capacity in Malaysia, the identification of the positive patients will have to be continuously done until middle of May 2020. In addition, a prediction with the forecasted testing capacity was also conducted. In contrast with the earlier estimation, massive testing causes the number of positive patients to be saturated earlier, by the end of April 2020. Based on the projection, 346, 307 cumulative tests will be conducted with 225,100 cumulative positive cases will be identified. Of the numbers, the cumulative number of patients in care would be 17,631 with 705 cumulative number of admission to intensive care unit and 353 cumulative patients required for ventilator. The cumulative death and cumulative discharge are expected to be 394 and 6008 respectively. Currently, it is challenging for Malaysia to flatten the epidemic curve due to the constraints of healthcare resources. These challenges potentially highlight the need for realistic strategies with regard to the country’s capacity.
8.Epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 cases in Qianjiang
Jia YI ; Guangling GUO ; Qiong GU ; Mengjia HU ; Peng ZHANG ; Jun LIU
Journal of Public Health and Preventive Medicine 2020;31(3):29-32
Objective To confirm the epidemiological characteristics of coronavirus disease COVID-19 reported in Qianjiang city and provide a scientific basis for establishing and implementing effective infection prevention and control. Methods The cases of COVID-19 reported in Qianjiang were retrospectively collected and the epidemiological characteristics, including time, spatial and population distribution, clinical symptoms and exposure history, were analyzed using descriptive epidemiological method. Results A total of 198 confirmed cases of COVID-19, including 102 imported cases, were reported in Qianjiang city by March 31, 2020. Of the 198 patients, 9 died, and 189 were discharged. The male-to-female ratio was 1.2:1. Among the reported patients, most of the patients were aged 30-69. In the early stage, only imported cases were reported, subsequently, imported cases and local cases were prevalent together, and the peak of confirmed cases was appeared on February 15, 2020. Among the clinical types for admitted diagnosis, the common type (67.17%) was dominant, and fever (82.83%) and cough (67.17%) were the predominant clinical manifestations for primary diagnosis. The median time from illness onset to first visit was 3 days, the median time from first visit to confirmed diagnosis was 7 days, and the median interval from illness onset to diagnosis was 11 days. Conclusions With comprehensive measures taken, the pandemic of COVID-19 in Qianjiang have been brought under control. However, it is necessary to be alert to the potential risks brought by the resumption of work, production, education, as well as the outbound imported cases. Various prevention and control measures should continue to be strictly implemented.
9.Usage of ethnomedicine on COVID-19 in China.
Zhi-Yong LI ; Ya TU ; Hai-Tao LI ; Jiang HE ; QUESHENG ; Guang-Ping DONG ; Ming-Shuo ZHANG ; Jian-Qin LIU ; Xiu-Lan HUANG ; Xiao-Rong WANG ; Makabel BOLAT ; Xin FENG ; Fang-Bo ZHANG ; Feng JIANG
China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 2020;45(10):2265-2274
In December 2019, an outbreak of viral pneumonia began in Wuhan, Hubei Province, which caused the spread of infectious pneumonia to a certain extent in China and neighboring countries and regions, and triggered the epidemic crisis. The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) is an acute respiratory infectious disease listed as a B infectious disease, which is managed according to standards for A infectious disease. Traditional Chinese medicine and integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine have played an active role in the prevention and control of this epidemic. China's ethnomedicine has recognized infectious diseases since ancient times, and formed a medical system including theory, therapies, formula and herbal medicines for such diseases. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, Tibet Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region and Chuxiong Autonomous Prefecture of Yunnan, Qiandongnan Autonomous Prefecture of Guizhou have issued the prevention and control programs for COVID-19 using Tibetan, Mongolian, Uygur, Yi and Miao medicines. These programs reflect the wisdom of ethnomedicine in preventing and treating diseases, which have successfully extracted prescriptions and preventive measures for the outbreak of the epidemic from their own medical theories and traditional experiences. In this paper, we summarized and explained the prescriptions and medicinal materials of ethnomedicine in these programs, and the origin of Tibetan medicine prescriptions and Mongolian medicine prescriptions in ancient books were studied. These become the common characteristics of medical prevention and treatment programs for ethnomedicine to formulate therapeutic programs under the guidance of traditional medicine theories, recommend prescriptions and prevention and treatment methods with characteristics of ethnomedicine, and focus on the conve-nience and standardization. However, strengthening the support of science and technology and the popularization to the public, and improving the participation of ethnomedicine in national public health services and the capacity-building to deal with sudden and critical diseases are key contents in the development of ethnomedicine in the future.
Betacoronavirus
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China
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Coronavirus Infections
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drug therapy
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Humans
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Medicine, Traditional
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Pandemics
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Pneumonia, Viral
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drug therapy
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Tibet
10. Epidemiological investigation of a family clustering of COVID-19
Qun GUAN ; Miao LIU ; Yingjie ZHUANG ; Yue YUAN ; Shengshu WANG ; Jin LI ; Zhu CHEN ; Xinglong YANG ; Zirong TANG ; Hongjun JIA ; Jingyi MA ; Xiaoxia WANG ; Penggang TAI ; Jing LI ; Yingjie ZHUANG ; Yao HE
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology 2020;41(5):629-633
Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of a family clustering of COVID-19. Methods Field epidemiological survey was conducted. Result Case 1 of the long-term residents from Hubei province was the source of infection of this family clustering. There were 6 cases (from case 2 to case 7) infected in the whole incubation period. The incubation period was more than 14 days for 3 of the second-generation cases. Routes of transmission include respiratory droplets (from case 1 transmitted to case 6, from case 1 to her family members) and closecontact (from case 1 to other cases in her family). All the age groups were generally susceptible, while elderly were easier to progress to critically ill. Besides respiratory symptoms, there were also gastrointestinal symptoms, of which diarrhea was the most common one. Conclusion Family clustering had been an important part for COVID-19 cases.