BACKGROUND

Thyroid fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is widely used for thyroid nodule characterization, with approximately 2.7% of samples classified as "inadequate." Non-diagnostic samples pose limitations, resulting in repeated procedures, and unnecessary diagnostic thyroidectomies. Conventional smear (CS) is commonly the method of choice for cytologic preparation of thyroid FNAB. The cell block technique is an alternative that concentrates cells providing additional material for better evaluation and ancillary testing. While conventional smears are commonly used, introducing routine complementary cell blocks could potentially lower costs associated with repeat procedures and improve patient management.

The study aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of incorporating the cell block technique as adjunct to conventional smear technique in reducing nondiagnostic rates (Bethesda Category I) in thyroid-fine needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB) conducted in 2 private hospitals.

This is a multi-center, retrospective cross-sectional study with 701 samples from 528 adult patients, who underwent thyroid FNAB between January 2020 - September 2022. The primary outcome of interest is the reduction in non-diagnostic rates with the combined use of conventional smears and cell block.

The non-diagnostic rates were significantly higher with cell block technique (28.10%) as compared to conventional smears (16.26%), p-value < .01. The results show that conventional smears have lower non-diagnostic rates. With smear cytology alone, 114 (16.3%) of all samples were nondiagnostic. With the addition of cell block technique, 15 of these samples were reclassified as benign (n = 13), Bethesda III (n = 1) or Bethesda IV (n = 1). The rest of the non-diagnostic samples (n = 99) remained Bethesda I. Overall, the equivalent decrease in non-diagnostic rate was 2.1%.

The combined use of cell block and conventional smears did not significantly decrease nondiagnostic rates in thyroid FNAB. In general, conventional smears demonstrated superior diagnostic efficacy across all Bethesda categories, establishing it as the preferred sampling preparation method for thyroid FNAB. Cell blocks should be considered a supplementary technique, particularly in cases where ancillary methods like immunohistochemistry or molecular testing are needed.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to determine the upgrade rate in diagnosis of biopsy-proven papillary breast lesions on core needle biopsy and their respective surgical excisions, and to assess for predictive factors associated with an upgrade at St. Luke’s Medical Center – Global City.

A retrospective review of our institution’s database identified 184 papillary breast lesions diagnosed by core needle biopsy. The study population consisted of 71 samples that met the inclusion criteria. The overall upgrade and concordance rates were determined and analyzed if there was any significant association with clinical demographics, radiologic findings, and core diameter on gross examination. Continuous variables were presented as mean and median, and Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess normality of data. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. Simple logistic regression analysis with Firth’s bias correction was performed to determine the variables associated with a diagnostic upgrade. P values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant.

A total 71 patients, all female, were included in the study. The overall upgrade rate was 8.45% (95% CI: 3.16-17.49%) in comparison with the diagnosis of the initial CNB and SE alone. This translated to 6/71 samples in this study. The overall concordance was 91.55% based on clinical significance, and an individual diagnosis concordance rate of 78.87%. None of the predictive factors (i.e., age, history of breast cancer, BI-RADS score, and gross core diameter) assessed showed an association with a diagnostic upgrade.

The computed overall upgrade rate is within range of currently published literature. The concordance rates for both clinical significance and individual diagnosis were quite high, suggesting good reproducibility of histopathologic diagnosis within our institution. This was also found to be consistent with other studies. Of the predictive factors, none showed an association to a diagnostic upgrade. Despite the latter, our findings may be of value within the medical center in further exploring and expanding the data set at hand, such that it may hopefully contribute to local guidelines in managing PBLs in the future.

Palmoplantar psoriasis is a rare subtype of psoriasis. It is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, immunologically-mediated disease affecting the palms and soles.

This is a case of a 58-year-old female with multiple, well-defined, yellowish plaques on slightly erythematous base with some fissures on bilateral palmoplantar areas affecting 4% of body surface area. On Dermatology Life Quality Index, she scored 14. She was advised biopsy but deferred. The lesions were also tested with potassium hydroxide for fungal elements, yielding positive results. She was initially managed as tinea pedis et manuum with three pulse doses of oral antifungal medication for three months. With minimal improvement, patient finally consented for biopsy, confirming diagnosis of psoriasis. She was subsequently treated with potent topical corticosteroids and narrowband-ultraviolet B localized phototherapy, leading to a complete clearance of lesions after 16 weeks of steroid treatment and 52 sessions of phototherapy. There was no more erythema, plaques and fissures, with affected BSA down to 0% and DLQI score to 1. Three months post-treatment, there is still no recurrence of lesions.

Palmoplantar psoriasis is an uncommon variant of psoriasis featuring hyperkeratotic plaques and fissures limited to the palms and soles with associated significant functional impairment. It can be difficult to diagnose, often mistaken for other diseases, and is typically resistant to treatment with poor long-term remission. Biopsy plays a crucial part in the effective management especially among patients with refractory disease. There are numerous treatment modalities but psychosocial needs are equally important to be addressed.

Objectives: In the Philippines, there has been a lack of information on the concordance between classifications of Hansen’s disease or leprosy clinically, histopathologically, and with AFS results. The study ultimately aimed to determine the concordance between the clinical diagnosis, histopathological results, and AFS results of patients with leprosy seen at the Dr. Jose N. Rodriguez Memorial Hospital and Sanitarium (DJNRMHS). Methods This is a descriptive, retrospective, single-center study conducted at the DJNRMHS, a tertiary government hospital and one of the last remaining sanitaria in the country located in northern Metro Manila in the Philippines. The study reviewed and included all the patient records from the years 2017-2019 which included skin biopsy results and slit-skin smear with AFS. Leprosy patients were then classified based on the following classifications: World Health Organization (WHO) and Ridley-Jopling classifications; and the concordance of clinical diagnosis vs the histopathologic findings and clinical diagnosis vs AFS results were determined using kappa testing.
Leprosy ; Biopsy

Objectives: In the Philippines, there has been a lack of information on the concordance between classifications of Hansen’s disease or leprosy clinically, histopathologically, and with AFS results. The study ultimately aimed to determine the concordance between the clinical diagnosis, histopathological results, and AFS results of patients with leprosy seen at the Dr. Jose N. Rodriguez Memorial Hospital and Sanitarium (DJNRMHS). Methods This is a descriptive, retrospective, single-center study conducted at the DJNRMHS, a tertiary government hospital and one of the last remaining sanitaria in the country located in northern Metro Manila in the Philippines. The study reviewed and included all the patient records from the years 2017-2019 which included skin biopsy results and slit-skin smear with AFS. Leprosy patients were then classified based on the following classifications: World Health Organization (WHO) and Ridley-Jopling classifications; and the concordance of clinical diagnosis vs the histopathologic findings and clinical diagnosis vs AFS results were determined using kappa testing.
Leprosy ; Biopsy

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-targeted prostate biopsy is the recommended investigation in men with suspicious lesion(s) on MRI. The role of concurrent systematic in addition to targeted biopsies is currently unclear. Using our prospectively maintained database, we identified men with at least one Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) ≥3 lesion who underwent targeted and/or systematic biopsies from May 2016 to May 2020. Clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) was defined as any Gleason grade group ≥2 cancer. Of 545 patients who underwent MRI fusion-targeted biopsy, 222 (40.7%) were biopsy naïve, 247 (45.3%) had previous prostate biopsy(s), and 76 (13.9%) had known prostate cancer undergoing active surveillance. Prostate cancer was more commonly found in biopsy-naïve men (63.5%) and those on active surveillance (68.4%) compared to those who had previous biopsies (35.2%; both P < 0.001). Systematic biopsies provided an incremental 10.4% detection of csPCa among biopsy-naïve patients, versus an incremental 2.4% among those who had prior negative biopsies. Multivariable regression found age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.03, P = 0.03), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density ≥0.15 ng ml^-2 (OR = 3.24, P < 0.001), prostate health index (PHI) ≥35 (OR = 2.43, P = 0.006), higher PI-RADS score (vs PI-RADS 3; OR = 4.59 for PI-RADS 4, and OR = 9.91 for PI-RADS 5; both P < 0.001) and target lesion volume-to-prostate volume ratio ≥0.10 (OR = 5.26, P = 0.013) were significantly associated with csPCa detection on targeted biopsy. In conclusion, for men undergoing MRI fusion-targeted prostate biopsies, systematic biopsies should not be omitted given its incremental value to targeted biopsies alone. The factors such as PSA density ≥0.15 ng ml^-2, PHI ≥35, higher PI-RADS score, and target lesion volume-to-prostate volume ratio ≥0.10 can help identify men at higher risk of csPCa.
Male ; Humans ; Prostate/pathology* ; Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology* ; Prostate-Specific Antigen ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods* ; Image-Guided Biopsy/methods* ; Retrospective Studies

This study explored a new model of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PIRADS) and adjusted prostate-specific antigen density of peripheral zone (aPSADPZ) for predicting the occurrence of prostate cancer (PCa) and clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa). The demographic and clinical characteristics of 853 patients were recorded. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), PSA density (PSAD), PSAD of peripheral zone (PSADPZ), aPSADPZ, and peripheral zone volume ratio (PZ-ratio) were calculated and subjected to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The calibration and discrimination abilities of new nomograms were verified with the calibration curve and area under the ROC curve (AUC). The clinical benefits of these models were evaluated by decision curve analysis and clinical impact curves. The AUCs of PSA, PSAD, PSADPZ, aPSADPZ, and PZ-ratio were 0.669, 0.762, 0.659, 0.812, and 0.748 for PCa diagnosis, while 0.713, 0.788, 0.694, 0.828, and 0.735 for csPCa diagnosis, respectively. All nomograms displayed higher net benefit and better overall calibration than the scenarios for predicting the occurrence of PCa or csPCa. The new model significantly improved the diagnostic accuracy of PCa (0.945 vs 0.830, P < 0.01) and csPCa (0.937 vs 0.845, P < 0.01) compared with the base model. In addition, the number of patients with PCa and csPCa predicted by the new model was in good agreement with the actual number of patients with PCa and csPCa in high-risk threshold. This study demonstrates that aPSADPZ has a higher predictive accuracy for PCa diagnosis than the conventional indicators. Combining aPSADPZ with PIRADS can improve PCa diagnosis and avoid unnecessary biopsies.
Male ; Humans ; Prostate/pathology* ; Prostate-Specific Antigen/analysis* ; Prostatic Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging* ; Biopsy ; Nomograms ; Retrospective Studies

Laryngeal cyst is a cystic lesion occurring in the laryngeal cavity. Large laryngeal cyst in infants and young children can cause laryngeal wheezing and other upper airway obstruction symptoms. In severe cases, it can be even life-threatening and requires timely surgical treatment. Currently, there is a lack of unified clinical treatment strategy for this disease.This article summarizes the surgical methods, the advantages and disadvantages of various surgical methods for laryngeal cysts in recent years. It is recommended that needle aspiration, partial cyst wall resection, radical cyst dissection, transoral robotic surgery or external approach cyst resection should be selected through full communication and evaluation to clarify the extent of the lesion scope and the advantages and disadvantages of surgery.
Infant ; Child ; Humans ; Child, Preschool ; Cysts/diagnosis* ; Laryngeal Diseases/diagnosis* ; Larynx/surgery* ; Robotic Surgical Procedures ; Biopsy, Needle

Objective: To investigate the natural regression and related factors of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) in the cervix of childbearing age women, and to evaluate the applicability of conservative management for future fertility needs. Methods: This study included 275 patients of reproductive age with fertility needs, who were diagnosed as HSIL by biopsy from April 30, 2015 to April 30, 2022, including 229 cases (83.3%) cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) Ⅱ and 46 cases (16.7%) CIN Ⅱ-Ⅲ. They were followed-up without immediate surgery in the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. The median follow-up time was 12 months (range: 3-66 months). The regression, persistence and progression of lesions in patients with HSIL were analyzed during the follow-up period, the influencing factors related to regression and the time of regression were analyzed. Results: (1) Of the 275 HSIL patients, 213 cases (77.5%, 213/275) experienced regression of the lesion during the follow-up period. In 229 CIN Ⅱ patients, 180 cases (78.6%) regressed, 21 cases (9.2%) persisted, and 28 cases (12.2%) progressed. In 46 CIN Ⅱ-Ⅲ patients, 33 cases (71.7%) regressed, 12 cases (26.1%) persisted, and 1 case (2.2%) progressed to invasive squamous cell carcinoma stage Ⅰ a1. There was no significant difference in the regression rate between the two groups (χ²=1.03, P=0.309). (2) The average age at diagnosis, age <25 years old at diagnosis were independent influencing factor of HSIL regression in univariate analysis (all P<0.05). There was no significant difference between HSIL regression and pathological grading, the severity of screening results, human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype, colposcopy image characteristics, number of biopsies during follow-up and pregnancy experience (all P>0.05). (3) The median regression times for patients aged ≥25 years and <25 years at diagnosis were 15 and 12 months, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that age ≥25 years at diagnosis significantly increased the median regression time compared to <25 years (χ²=6.02, P=0.014). Conclusions: For HSIL patients of childbearing age, conservative management without immediate surgical intervention is preferred if CINⅡ is fully evaluated through colposcopy examination. Age ≥25 years at diagnosis is a risk factor affecting the prognosis of HSIL patients.
Pregnancy ; Humans ; Female ; Adult ; Cervix Uteri/pathology* ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/pathology* ; Uterine Cervical Dysplasia/pathology* ; Biopsy ; Colposcopy/methods* ; Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions/pathology* ; Carcinoma in Situ/pathology* ; Papillomaviridae/genetics* ; Papillomavirus Infections/diagnosis* ; Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Cervix/pathology*

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of testicular biopsies from Klinefelter syndrome (KS) patients. Methods: The testicular biopsy specimens of 87 patients with KS (a total of 107 biopsy specimens) were collected from the Department of Pathology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China from January 2017 to July 2022. All patients were diagnosed as KS by peripheral blood karyotyping analysis. The testicular histopathologic features, testicular volume and hormone levels were evaluated retrospectively. The histopathologic analysis was used to assess the quantity and morphology of Leydig cells, the spermatogenic state of seminiferous tubules, the thickening of the basement membrane of seminiferous tubules and the changes of stroma. Results: Leydig cell proliferative nodules were seen in 95.3% (102/107) of KS testicular biopsy tissues. The eosinophilic inclusion bodies and lipofuscin in Leydig cells were found in 52.3% (56/107) and 57.9% (62/107) of specimens, respectively. The Sertoli cell only seminiferous tubules and the hyalinized tubules were found in 66.4% (71/107) and 76.6% (82/107) of the examined tissues, respectively. The tubules with complete spermatogenic arrest were found in 15.9% (17/107) of specimens, and 5.6% (6/107) of the specimens showed low spermatogenesis or incomplete spermatogenic arrest. In 85.0% (91/107) of the specimens, increased thick-walled small vessels with hyaline degeneration were identified. Conclusions: The most common features of KS testicular specimens are Leydig cell proliferative nodules, hyaline degeneration of seminiferous tubules and proliferation of thick-walled blood vessels. Testicular biopsy specimens of KS are rare. The pathologists can make a tentative diagnosis of KS based on the histological findings, combined with the ultrasound and laboratory results, which is helpful for further diagnosis and treatment of KS.
Male ; Humans ; Testis/pathology* ; Klinefelter Syndrome/pathology* ; Retrospective Studies ; Seminiferous Tubules/pathology* ; Biopsy