Lipid second messengers,particularly phosphoinositides,play a pivotal role in several cell signaling networks.Specific inositol lipids such as PtdIns(3,4)P_(2) and PtdIns(3,4,5)P_(3) which are generated by phosphoinositide 3-kinases(PI3Ks) are specific activators to the serine/threonine protein kinase Akt that have been implicated in a plethora of cell functions.Studies show that Akt stimulates cell proliferation and suppresses apoptosis,and is implicated in cancer progression.Many evidences have highlighted the presence of an autonomous nuclear inositol lipid metabolism,and suggest that lipid molecules are important components of signaling pathways in the nucleus.

WNT signaling has been identified as one of the key signaling pathways in cancer,regulating cell growth,motility and differentiation.Because of its widespread activation in diverse human tumor diseases,the WNT pathway has gained considerable and growing interest in tumor research in recent years.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome(IBS) is a common disease of intestinal disorder.It is characterized by chronic or recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort along with altered bowel function.The underlying mechanisms of IBS remain unclear.Several studies showed that the attack of IBS might be related to the gastrointestinal motility,visceral hypersensitivity,infection of the bowel and several other factors.Existing animal models can be divided into 2 broad categories based on their primary pathogenetic mechanisms: those initiated by a central nervous system-directed(psychosocial) stressor and those stems from a gut-directed stressor(gut inflammation,infection).This article reviews the current research of IBS animal model.

Fiber type of skeletal muscle and its multiple and specialized protein isoform are the structure and molecular basis of the skeletal muscle's function and adaptability.Myosin heavy chain(MHC)isoform,as the factor determinating the type of the skeletal muscle to be fast or slow one,has become molecular biomarker of muscle fiber type and adaptability.Exercise may lead to the transform between myosin subtypes.This article reviewed not only the relation between myosin heavy chain and muscle fiber type of skeletal muscle,but also the influences of different motor patterns' on the transform of skeletal muscle fiber MHC isoform.

Lipid-adjust therapy is one of basic management of atherosclerosis diseases with approaches like medication,therapeutics life style(TLC),dialysis regimen,surgery operation and gene therapy etc.Along with lipidlowering medication,TLC methods should be used to primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery diseases,by which lipid levels returns to target normal ranges as a result of reducing uptake of cholesterol or saturation fatty foods,improving physical activities,as well as weight control.

Accumulated clinical trials have demonstrated the clinical efficacy of statins,which is closely associated with the magnitude of LDL-C reduction,in primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases.The concept of intensive LDL-C lowing has been widely accepted.Although statins are classified as a group of drugs with documented safety and tolerability,the potential risk profile in liver and skeleton muscle under the intensive treatment with large dose has drawn great attention.

Objective To evaluate the effect of arsenic trioxide(As_(2)O_(3)) on the transgenic TNF-? promoter activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMCs) and macrophages(M?s).Methods Human TNF-? promoter was constructed by reporter gene system and was transiently transfected into VSMCs and M?s.Promoter activity was tested by luciferase activity with or without LPS and Ang Ⅱ stimulation,before or after different dosage of As_(2)O_(3) treatment.Results The results showed: TNF-? promoter stably expressed in VSMCs and M?s compared with CMV promoter(58.3% and 55.6%,respectively).Both LPS and Ang Ⅱ up-regulated TNF-? promoter activity (P

Mixed dyslipidemia is a common lipid disorder.Coadministrating hypolipidemic drugs for the treatment of mixed dyslipidemia has shown functions,such as enhancement of reaching lipid goals,reduction of side effects associated with increasing dosage.The usual combination is applied to add another agent on statins,including fibrates,niacin or ezetimibe.Special attention should be paid to the safety of such combination therapy.

Cardiovascular high risk population should receive intensive lipid-lowering therapy to reduce low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C) below(2.6 mmol/L) or(1.8 mmol/L).This therapy can stop or regress atherosclerotic lesion,prevent and treat acute coronary syndrome.Individuals of coronary heart disease or risk equivalents can be benefited from intensive lipid-lowering therapy.

Objective To investigate the effects of prednisone(PRD) on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis(EAE) and the mechanism.Methods Lewis rats were injected with mixture of guinea pig spinal extracts and Freund's adjuvant(FA) to induce EAE.PRD(5 mg/kg) was orally given ten days after the injection.The clinical manifestation of rats,their peripheral blood lymphocytes CD3~(+),CD4~(+),CD8~(+) and NK subsets,and pathology changes of brain and spinal were studied on day 26.Results In model CD3~(+) ratio is 63.2%,CD4~(+)ratio 46.8%,CD8~(+)ratio 17.4% and NK ratio 10.2%.In PRD CD3~(+) ratio is 69.5%,CD4~(+)ratio 51.8%,CD8~(+)ratio 18.1% and NK ratio 5.3%.PRD obviously decreased the clinical scores of EAE rats and peripheral blood NK ratio,increased CD3~(+) and CD4~(+)ratio,inhibited brain inflammatory reaction and demyelination.However,PRD didn't affect peripheral blood lymphocytes CD8~(+) and CD4~(+)/CD8~(+)ratio.Conclusions PRD is effective in the treatment of EAE rats,and the therapeutic mechanism may be contributed to the decrease of the peripheral blood NK ratio and increase CD3~(+) and CD4~(+)ratio.