ObjectiveTo observe the short-term and long-term efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） surgical operations in treating mixed hemorrhoids. MethodsA multi-center retrospective cohort study was conducted， collecting clinical data from 17，831 mixed hemorrhoid surgery patients in 8 top-tier TCM hospitals in Jiangsu Province. Standardized and structured datasets were obtained through artificial intelligence models. Patients who underwent western surgical treatment were categorized into the western surgery group （11,646 cases）， and those receiving TCM surgical operations were categorized into the TCM surgery group （6185 cases）. Propensity score matching （1∶1 matching） was used to balance baseline data between groups. The primary outcome was the one-year recurrence rate， and secondary outcomes included the main symptoms （rectal bleeding， degree of prolapse） and secondary symptoms （anal distension， anal edema， wound secretion and exudation， anal stenosis， residual skin tags， perianal itching， and anal pain） measured on days 7， 28， and 60 after discharge. ResultsAfter matching， 2194 patients were included in each group. Symptom scores showed that at 28 days after discharge， the TCM surgical group had superior improvement in rectal bleeding ［OR=5.786， 95%CI （3.092，10.827）］， degree of prolapse ［OR=4.510， 95%CI （1.649，12.333）］， and anal edema ［OR=3.188， 95%CI （1.295，7.845）］ compared to the western surgical group. At 60 days post-discharge， the TCM group still showed advantages in improving rectal bleeding ［OR=5.237， 95%CI （1.077，25.464）］ and anal pain ［OR=11.697， 95%CI （1.186，115.336）］ （P＜0.05）. Long-term follow-up showed that the one-year recurrence rate in the TCM surgery group was 1.1% （8/726）， while that in the western surgery group was 2.3% （10/444）， with no statistically significant difference between the two groups （P＞0.05）. ConclusionBased on real-world data， TCM surgical treatment for mixed hemorrhoids shows significant short-term symptom improvement， particularly in terms of hemostasis， reducing swelling， and alleviating prolapse of anal masses.

ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanism of Guizhi Fulingwan （GFW） against hepatic fibrosis， focusing on elucidating the regulatory effect of GFW on the mitochondrial DNA （mtDNA）/NOD-like receptor protein 3 （NLRP3）/cysteinyl aspartate-specific proteinase-1 （Caspase-1）/gasdermin D （GSDMD） signaling pathway. MethodsForty-two male Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were randomly allocated into six groups （n=7）： control， model， low/medium/high-dose （0.14， 0.28， 0.56 g·kg^-1·d^-1） GFW （GFW-L， GFW-M， GFW-H）， and Dahuang Zhechong pills （DZW， 1.8 g·kg^-1·d^-1）. The rat model of hepatic fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of carbon tetrachloride. General conditions of the rats were observed. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase （ALT） and aspartate aminotransferase （AST） levels were measured. Liver histopathology and collagen deposition were observed through hematoxylin and eosin （HE） staining and Masson's trichrome staining. Transmission electron microscopy （TEM） was employed to observe structural alterations and damage of cellular ultrastructures including mitochondria. Mitochondrial membrane potential （MMP， ΔΨ_m） was detected by flow cytometry. Serum levels of interleukin-1β （IL-1β） and interleukin-18 （IL-18） were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA）. The mRNA levels of mtDNA and NLRP3 in the liver tissue were quantified by Real-time polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR）. The protein levels of key molecules in the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway in the liver tissue were determined by Western blot. ResultsCompared with the control group， the model group exhibited a decrease in body weight （P<0.01）， an increase in liver index （P<0.01）， elevations in serum ALT and AST levels （P<0.01）， and typical fibrotic features such as disorganized hepatocytes， inflammatory infiltration， and increased collagen deposition in the liver tissue. TEM revealed significant karyotheca degeneration， mitochondrial swelling， endoplasmic reticulum expansion， and organelle efflux in the model group. In addition， the model group showed decreased ΔΨ_m （P<0.01）， up-regulated mRNA levels of mtDNA and NLRP3 （P<0.01） and protein levels of NLRP3， Caspase-1， and GSDMD （P<0.01） in the liver tissue， and increased serum levels of IL-1β and IL-18 （P<0.01）. Compared with that in the model group， the body weight increased in GFW-L， GFW-M， and DZW groups （P<0.05） and markedly increased in the GFW-H group （P<0.01）. The liver index decreased in the GFW groups and DZW group （P<0.01）. The serum ALT level declined in the GFW-L group （P<0.05）， and the serum ALT and AST levels decreased in the GFW-M， GFW-H， and DZW groups （P<0.01）. Histopathological damage and fibrosis were alleviated to varying degrees， and TEM revealed mitigated ultrastructural injuries including mitophagy， mitochondrial swelling， and endoplasmic reticulum expansion in the drug intervention groups. The ΔΨ_m increased in GFW groups without statistical significance. The mRNA level of mtDNA in the liver tissue was down-regulated in the GFW-M （P<0.05）， GFW-H （P<0.01）， and DZW （P<0.01） groups. The mRNA level of NLRP3 was down-regulated in GFW-M， GFW-H， and DZW groups （P<0.01）. Western blot analysis showed significantly down-regulated protein level of NLRP3 in all the GFW groups and the DZW group （P<0.01）. The protein level of GSDMD-N was down-regulated in GFW-H and DZW groups （P<0.01）. The protein level of cleaved Caspase-1 was down-regulated in GFW-M （P<0.05）， GFW-H （P<0.01）， and DZW （P<0.01） groups. In addition， the serum levels of IL-1β and IL-18 declined in GFW-H and DZW groups （P<0.01）. ConclusionGFW can suppress pyroptosis to ameliorate CCl₄-induced hepatic fibrosis， potentially through mitigating mitochondrial damage， inhibiting inflammasome assembly and activation， and blocking pro-inflammatory cytokine release.

Background: This study was performed to characterize the incidence, costs, and risk factors associated with renal and cardiovascular adverse outcomes following primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI) in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Methods: Patients with STEMI who underwent pPCI using iso-osmolar contrast were enrolled at 39 centers. The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) and major adverse renal and cardiovascular events (MARCE) was analyzed, as well as inpatient costs. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors. Results: Among 2,293 patients, the incidence of AKI and MARCE within 72 hours post-pPCI was 4.14% (n = 95) and 4.40% (n = 101), respectively. AKI and/or MARCE were associated with systolic blood pressure (AKI: odds ratio [OR], 1.009; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.000–1.018), hypertension (AKI: OR, 1.815; 95% CI, 1.133–2.906; MARCE: OR, 1.760;95% CI, 1.118–2.769), anterior wall infarction (AKI: OR, 1.895; 95% CI, 1.196–3.004; MARCE:OR, 1.939; 95% CI, 1.240–3.032), Killip class (AKI: OR, 1.465; 95% CI, 1.117–1.922; MARCE:OR, 1.467; 95% CI, 1.131–1.903), and serum creatinine (SCr; MARCE: OR, 1.006; 95% CI, 1.000–1.012). Hospitalization costs for patients with STEMI who developed AKI or MARCE were significantly higher than for those without AKI (9,595 ± 5,795 vs. 8,279 ± 3,872 USD, P = 0.003) or without MARCE (9,890 ± 5,616 vs. 8,255 ± 3,859 USD, P < 0.001). Conclusions In patients with STEMI undergoing pPCI with iso-osmolar contrast, the incidence of AKI and MARCE was associated with higher hospitalization costs. Systolic blood pressure, hypertension, anterior wall infarction, Killip class, and SCr were identified as risk factors for these outcomes.

Objective: To analyze the structural changes in whole blood and apheresis platelet donations in Chinese Society of Blood Transfusion (CSBT) sentinel units from 2021 to 2025, and to provide evidence for donor recruitment and blood service management. Methods: Aggregated data reported by sentinel sites were collected and stratified according to six indicators: age, sex, donation history, donation volume, donation site, and organization mode. Pearson χ test, Cramer′V coefficient, Cochran-Armitage trend test and simple linear regression were adopted for analysis. Results: A total of 16 256 973 whole blood donations and 1 576 546 apheresis platelet donations were included. Among whole-blood donations, the proportion of donors aged 18-22 years decreased from 27.30% to 10.60%. The proportion of male donors increased from 58.81% to 63.13%; the proportion of people aged 30 and above increased from 58.40% to 75.30%; the proportion of fixed locations rose from 28.37% to 36.57%; the proportion of social groups increased from 21.69% to 39.69%. The 400-mL donations decreased from 62.12% to 53.46%, while individually initiated voluntary donations remained above 50%. Apheresis platelet donations were predominantly from males, individuals aged 30-39 years, and repeat donors; 2-treatment-unit apheresis platelet donations increased from 67.19% to 74.93%, and individually initiated donations accounted for 92.97%-96.02%. Statistically significant overall annual compositional differences were observed for all six indicators (all P<0.001), whereas linear trends for some sub-categories were not statistically significant. Conclusion: In the participating CSBT sentinel units, among whole blood donations, the proportions of donors aged 18-22 years, university-organized group donations, and donations at blood mobiles decreased, whereas the proportions of organizational group donations and donations at fixed venues increased. The apheresis platelet donation cohort is relatively mature and is evolving toward a high-efficiency donation model. Individual voluntary donation remains the primary organization mode for both donation types. Strategies such as youth donor recruitment, optimized layout of fixed donation sites, and retention of repeat donors should be strengthened to improve the resilience of blood supply.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of the anti-cancer compound formula Feiyanning in inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT） and invasion and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC）. MethodsCell proliferation and activity were assessed using the cell counting kit-8（CCK-8） assay to evaluate the effect of Feiyanning on the proliferation of A549 and H1299 cells. Wound healing and Transwell assays were conducted to examine Feiyanning's impact on the metastasis of A549 and H1299 cells. The effects of Feiyanning on EMT and the transforming growth factor-β₁ （TGF-β₁）/Smad signaling pathway proteins in A549 and H1299 cells were detected by Western blot. Exogenous TGF-β₁ was used to induce EMT in A549 and H1299 cells. The effects of Feiyanning on TGF-β₁-induced NSCLC cell metastasis， EMT， and the TGF-β₁/Smad pathway proteins were assessed by wound healing assay， Transwell assay， and Western blot. In vivo， an A549 lung metastasis model was established via tail vein injection in nude mice. A total of 28 SPF male nude mice were randomly divided into four groups： Model （NC） group， Feiyanning low-dose （FYN1） group， Feiyanning high-dose （FYN2） group， and the positive control group （TGF-β receptor kinase inhibitor SB431542 group）. The corresponding interventions were performed. After 40 days， the mice were euthanized， and lung metastases were analyzed. The expression of E-cadherin， N-cadherin， p-Smad2， and p-Smad3 in each group was detected by immunohistochemistry （IHC）. ResultsAfter Feiyanning intervention， compared to the blank group， Feiyanning inhibited the proliferation of A549 and H1299 cells in a concentration-dependent manner （P<0.01）. The metastasis ability of Feiyanning-treated cells was significantly decreased compared to the blank group （P<0.01）. The expression of EMT marker proteins N-cadherin and zinc finger transcription factors （Zeb1， Snail， Slug） was significantly reduced in the Feiyanning groups compared to the blank group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The expression of p-Smad2/3， Smad2/3， TβRI， and TβRⅡ， key proteins in the TGF-β₁/Smad signaling pathway， was also significantly decreased （P<0.01）. In the TGF-β₁-induced EMT model， compared to the TGF-β₁ group， the cell metastasis ability in the Feiyanning groups was reduced （P<0.01）， and the expression levels of N-cadherin， Zeb1， Snail， and Slug were significantly lower （P<0.01）. The expression levels of p-Smad2/3， Smad2/3， TβRI， and TβRⅡ were also significantly reduced （P<0.01）. In vivo results showed that compared to the model group， the number of lung metastases in the FYN1， FYN2， and SB431542 groups was reduced （P<0.01）， and the range of cell infiltration was narrowed. Immunohistochemical results showed that compared to the model group， the expression of E-cadherin in the FYN1， FYN2， and SB431542 groups was increased （P<0.01）， the expression of N-cadherin decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the expression of p-Smad2 and p-Smad3， key proteins of the TGF-β₁/Smad pathway， was reduced （P<0.01）. ConclusionFeiyanning inhibits the invasion and metastasis of NSCLC cells and EMT. The mechanism is related to the inhibition of TGF-β₁/Smad signaling pathway.

ObjectiveTo explore the mechanism of the anti-cancer compound formula Feiyanning in inhibiting epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT） and invasion and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer （NSCLC）. MethodsCell proliferation and activity were assessed using the cell counting kit-8（CCK-8） assay to evaluate the effect of Feiyanning on the proliferation of A549 and H1299 cells. Wound healing and Transwell assays were conducted to examine Feiyanning's impact on the metastasis of A549 and H1299 cells. The effects of Feiyanning on EMT and the transforming growth factor-β₁ （TGF-β₁）/Smad signaling pathway proteins in A549 and H1299 cells were detected by Western blot. Exogenous TGF-β₁ was used to induce EMT in A549 and H1299 cells. The effects of Feiyanning on TGF-β₁-induced NSCLC cell metastasis， EMT， and the TGF-β₁/Smad pathway proteins were assessed by wound healing assay， Transwell assay， and Western blot. In vivo， an A549 lung metastasis model was established via tail vein injection in nude mice. A total of 28 SPF male nude mice were randomly divided into four groups： Model （NC） group， Feiyanning low-dose （FYN1） group， Feiyanning high-dose （FYN2） group， and the positive control group （TGF-β receptor kinase inhibitor SB431542 group）. The corresponding interventions were performed. After 40 days， the mice were euthanized， and lung metastases were analyzed. The expression of E-cadherin， N-cadherin， p-Smad2， and p-Smad3 in each group was detected by immunohistochemistry （IHC）. ResultsAfter Feiyanning intervention， compared to the blank group， Feiyanning inhibited the proliferation of A549 and H1299 cells in a concentration-dependent manner （P<0.01）. The metastasis ability of Feiyanning-treated cells was significantly decreased compared to the blank group （P<0.01）. The expression of EMT marker proteins N-cadherin and zinc finger transcription factors （Zeb1， Snail， Slug） was significantly reduced in the Feiyanning groups compared to the blank group （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The expression of p-Smad2/3， Smad2/3， TβRI， and TβRⅡ， key proteins in the TGF-β₁/Smad signaling pathway， was also significantly decreased （P<0.01）. In the TGF-β₁-induced EMT model， compared to the TGF-β₁ group， the cell metastasis ability in the Feiyanning groups was reduced （P<0.01）， and the expression levels of N-cadherin， Zeb1， Snail， and Slug were significantly lower （P<0.01）. The expression levels of p-Smad2/3， Smad2/3， TβRI， and TβRⅡ were also significantly reduced （P<0.01）. In vivo results showed that compared to the model group， the number of lung metastases in the FYN1， FYN2， and SB431542 groups was reduced （P<0.01）， and the range of cell infiltration was narrowed. Immunohistochemical results showed that compared to the model group， the expression of E-cadherin in the FYN1， FYN2， and SB431542 groups was increased （P<0.01）， the expression of N-cadherin decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the expression of p-Smad2 and p-Smad3， key proteins of the TGF-β₁/Smad pathway， was reduced （P<0.01）. ConclusionFeiyanning inhibits the invasion and metastasis of NSCLC cells and EMT. The mechanism is related to the inhibition of TGF-β₁/Smad signaling pathway.

Objective:To analyze the effect of mouse nerve growth factor(mNGF)combined with rehabilitation training on the expression of BDNF and Caspase-3 in brain tissue of newborn rats with spastic cerebral palsy(SCP).Method:A total of 150 clean-grade SD rats aged 7days were randomly divided into the control group(group NS,n=40)and the model group(group T,n=110)using a random number table.Group T received directional injection of absolute ethanol(1μl/g)into the left intracranial pyramidal tract at the age of 7 days,while the NS group received an equal volume of saline.24 hours after injection(at 8 days old),the spastic cerebral palsy rat model was determined by modified Li Xiaojie et al.'s criteria combined with Longa scoring method.Ninety successfully modeled SD rats in group T were randomly divided into group A1,A2 and A3,with 30 each.The intervention began on the 1st day of the experiment(8 days old).Group A1 was given intramuscu-lar injection of mNGF(30ng/g),group A2 was given intramuscular injection of an equal dose of mNGF plus rehabilitation training,and group A3 was given intramuscular injection of an equal volume of saline(2.27ml/kg).The group NS was given intramuscular injection of the equal volume of normal saline.Intervention lasted until 21 days of age.At 8,14 and 21 days of age,HE staining was used to observe the dynamic changes in the morphology of cells in the internal capsule area of brain,TUNEL staining to observe the dynamic changes in the apoptosis rate of cells in the internal capsule area of brain,and Western Blot to monitor dy-namic changes in the expression of BDNF and Caspase-3 proteins in the hippocampus.Result:Model preparation showed that a total of 97 spastic cerebral palsy litters were identified in group T at 8 days old,while no rats with cerebral palsy in groupNS.TUNELstaining revealed that the apoptosis rates of the rats in group A1,A2 and A3 were significantly higher than in group NS at each age(P<0.01),and were significantly higher in group A3 than in group A1 and A2 at 14 and 21 days of age(P<0.01),with group A1 significantly higher than group A2(P<0.01).Western Blot showed that the relative expression of BDNF and Caspase-3 protein in group A1,A2 and A3 at 14 days old were higher than that in group NS(P<0.05).The rel-ative expression of BDNF protein in group A1 and A2 was higher than that in group A3(P<0.05),with group A2 was higher than that in group A1(P<0.05).There was no significant difference between group A2 and A1 at 21 days old(P>0.05).The relative expression of Caspase-3 protein in group A1 and A3 was higher than that in group A2(P<0.05).and group A3 was significantly higher than that in A1 group(P<0.05).Conclusion:It is speculated that both mNGF and combined rehabilitation training can inhibit neuronal apoptosis by promoting BDNF protein expression and reducing the activity of Caspase-3.The effect of mNGF combined with rehabilitation training is better than that of mNGF alone.

Objective:Based on the stress process theory, the influencing factors and pathways of social alienation among young and middle-aged patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) were explored, so as to provide evidence for healthcare professionals to develop targeted interventions.Methods:Convenience sampling method was used to select young and middle-aged MHD patients from Nanyang Central Hospital between October 2023 and April 2024. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a General Information Questionnaire, the General Alienation Scale, the Perceived Social Support Scale, and the Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire, the Social Impact Scale.Results:A total of 307 questionnaires were distributed, and 296 valid questionnaires were returned, with an effective response rate of 96.4%. Among the 296 participants, 190 were male and 106 were female; 124 were aged 18-45 years, and 172 were aged 46-59 years. The score of social alienation in young and middle-aged MHD patients was (40.79 ± 7.67). Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis revealed that education level, monthly household income per capita, duration of dialysis, number of chronic comorbidities, fatigue level, stigma, perceived social support, yielding coping style, avoidance coping style were significant influencing factors of social alienation in young and middle-aged MHD patients ( t values were -3.43-6.05, all P<0.05). The pathways analysis indicated that stigma, yielding coping style, and avoidance coping style had direct positive effects on social alienation in young and middle-aged MHD patients, with the effect values of 0.441, 0.286, 0.166, respectively (all P<0.05); perceived social support had a direct negative effect, with the effect value of -0.210 ( P<0.05); stigma and perceived social support exerted indirect effects on social alienation, with the effect values of 0.216, -0.108, respectively (both P<0.05). Conclusions:A relatively high level of social alienation was observed among young and middle-aged MHD patients, indicating an urgent need for improvement. Healthcare professionals should prioritize interventions targeting patient stigma. Enhancing perceived social support, offering psychological counseling, and teaching stress-coping strategies may help reduce maladaptive coping behaviors, thereby alleviating social alienation and promoting social reintegration.

BACKGROUND:Research results related to medical magnesium alloy materials have increased year by year.However,the literature in the field of medical magnesium alloy materials has not yet passed the systematic evaluation of measurement.OBJECTIVE:To present the research status of medical magnesium alloy materials and explore the research trends and hotspots of this field.METHODS:The core data set of Web of Science was used as the literature source to search the relevant researches on medical magnesium alloy materials from 2014 to 2024.The knowledge map was generated by using CiteSpace software with authors,countries,institutions,journals,keywords,and co-citations as nodes for visualization analysis.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The number of papers on medical magnesium alloy materials has been growing steadily in the past decade.China has the largest number of articles,and is the backbone of the field,but the quality of articles and international influence need to be further improved.The Chinese Academy of Sciences and Peking University are the pioneering institutions in this field,constructing a cooperative network covering many well-known institutions at home and abroad.The journal BIOACT MATER has the greatest intensity of outbreaks,and the impact of journal in the field will be further expanded in the future.(2)The microstructure,degradation behavior,biocompatibility,mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of medical magnesium alloy materials have been hot research topics in recent years.Alloying technology,as a key way to give medical alloys diversified characteristics,has become a research focus for researchers to explore.(3)Comprehensively applying various modification means to initially regulate the degradation mode of the material and to obtain the appropriate degradation rate may be a future research trend.In the future,magnesium alloy products should be customized for specific application scenarios,under the guidance of the concept of"precise bio-adaptation,"realizing the transformation from single material design to overall design of structure and function.

Objective:Comprehensive characterization of B-cell phenotypes and spatial distribution in oral lichen planus (OLP) and related oral lichenoid lesions (OLL)(OLP/OLL), with an emphasis on transcriptomic profiling and functional analysis, to uncover the epigenetic mechanisms underlying B cell-mediated immune regulation within the oral mucosal microenvironment.Methods:Single-cell RNA sequencing raw data were sourced from the GSE211630 database, encompassing samples from 2 cases of erosive OLP (EOLP), 3 cases of non-erosive OLP (NEOLP) and 1 healthy control (NORMAL). Following stringent quality control, the data underwent normalization, selection of highly variable genes and batch effect correction. Subsequent analyses included dimensionality reduction and unsupervised clustering to identify distinct cell populations. This study collected pathological specimens from 3 OLP/OLL patients and 3 healthy controls who were treated at the Department of Oral Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2021 to December 2023. Using 10X Genomics Visium HD spatial transcriptomics technology, tissue sections were processed through dewaxing, staining and histological imaging, enabling the reconstruction of nucleic acid structures and the capture of gene expression profiles. Data analysis included quality assessment, gene quantification, normalization, dimensionality reduction and clustering. Furthermore, cell type deconvolution was performed using the robust cell type decomposition algorithm, integrating single-cell transcriptomic data to accurately predict and spatially resolve cell type distributions within the tissue microenvironment.Results:After integrating single-cell data from EOLP, NEOLP and NORMAL, cells were classified into seven major categories: B/plasma cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, myeloid cells, smooth muscle cells and T/natural killer cells. The proportion of B/plasma cells varied significantly among the three groups, accounting for 10.7% (1 693/15 815), 3.8% (833/21 653) and 0.4% (47/11 556) of the total cells respectively. Further clustering analysis of B/plasma cells identified four distinct subpopulations: naive B cells, activated B cells, memory B cells and plasma cells. In the EOLP group, these subpopulations constituted 25.9% (348/1 344), 45.9% (617/1 344), 3.3% (45/1 344) and 24.9% (334/1 344) of the B/plasma cells respectively. In the NEOLP group, they represented 31.6% (195/617), 59.6% (368/617), 0.2% (1/617) and 8.6% (53/617). Howerer, only plasma cells were detected in the NORMAL group. Spatial analysis revealed that B cells were actively involved in the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) at various stages in OLP/OLL samples, with a prominent structural organization observed in secondary follicle-like TLS. Within these structures, the expressions of T cells marker gene CD3E and B cells marker gene MS4A1 were significantly elevated. Additionally, in secondary follicle-like TLS, the gene encoding follicular dendritic cell secreted protein, germinal center marker gene B cell lymphoma 6 and the gene for activation induced cytidine deaminase also showed strong expression. In OLP/OLL samples, plasma cell marker gene CD38, immunoglobulin (IGH) G3, IGHG1, IGHM, IGHD, IGHE, imunoglobulin Kappa constant, immunoglobulin alpha 1, immunoglobulin Lambda constant 1 and complement gene C3 all exhibited high levels of expression.Conclusions:Compared to normal mucosa, extensive B-cell infiltration is observed in both OLP and OLL, accompanied by significant differences in B-cell phenotypes and proportions. B cells appear to play a central role in local immune responses, primarily through the formation of TLS. However, the precise functional mechanisms underlying their involvement require further investigation.