Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) based on fetal free DNA is a non-invasive technique to screen for common fetal aneuploidies by analyzing cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) in the peripheral blood of pregnant women. This technique has opened a new era of prenatal screening for its high safety and reliability. In recent years, it has been shown that NIPT can not only screen for fetal aneuploidies, but may also reveal maternal genomic abnormalities. The incidental detection of maternal tumors has aroused widespread concern in the clinical settings. The aim of this review is to systematically summarize the research progress of NIPT technique in incidental detection of maternal tumors, and to discuss its clinical significance, technical challenges, and future development direction. It has been found that multiple chromosome aneuploidies (MCAs) in NIPT detection is one of the important biomarkers suggesting occult maternal malignant tumors. In this paper, the relevant progress of NIPT technique in the incidental discovery of maternal tumors were reviewed in order to provide a reference for individualized and standardized application of NIPT technique in maternal health monitoring.
Humans ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Cell-Free Nucleic Acids/blood* ; Prenatal Diagnosis/methods* ; Incidental Findings ; Neoplasms/genetics* ; Noninvasive Prenatal Testing/methods* ; Aneuploidy ; Fetus/metabolism*

Bullous hemorrhagic dermatosis (BHD) is a rare cutaneous manifestation characterized by tense hemorrhagic bullae that appear at sites distant from low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) injections, typically within seven days of exposure. As of March 2022, only 94 cases have been reported. It most commonly affects elderly males with predisposing factors for thromboembolism, such as carcinoma, and usually involves the extremities.

This case highlights the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for bullous hemorrhagic dermatosis (BHD) in patients receiving low molecular weight heparin, even beyond the typical 7-day window and in demographics not commonly affected. Early recognition and prompt discontinuation of the offending agent, as demonstrated in this atypical presentation involving a Filipino elderly woman with multiple comorbidities and no malignancy, can lead to favorable outcomes. Clinicians should be aware of this rare but reversible complication to avoid misdiagnosis and ensure appropriate management.

Human ; Female ; Aged: 65-79 Yrs Old ; Affect ; Aged ; Blister ; Carcinoma ; Causality ; Demography ; Diagnostic Errors ; Enoxaparin ; Extremities ; Heparin ; Heparin, Low-molecular-weight ; Index ; Injections ; Lead ; Male ; Molecular Weight ; Neoplasms ; Patients ; Research Report ; Skin Diseases ; Thromboembolism ; Women

BACKGROUND

Espada plant, local name for the snake plant (Dracaena trifasciata) in the Philippines, is characterized by its upright sword-like leaves with vibrant yellow edges under the variety of Laurentii in the Asparagaceae family. This plant has been identified as a viable candidate for cancer research.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the antiproliferative and cytotoxic capabilities of a semi-purified methanolic extract of D. trifasciata extracted as a basis for cancer research.

METHODS

The plant extracts were subjected to (1) qualitative phytochemical analysis, (2) instrumentation analysis which includes Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), to quantify bioactive ingredients, analyze structures, and evaluate biological chemicals, respectively, and tested to (3) biological assay on the HCT 116 human colorectal cancer cell line using the MTT Cytotoxic Assay.

RESULTS

D. trifasciata extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, sterols, triterpenes, alkaloids, and glycosides, all of which contain an OH group and have a high solubility in polar solvents. It correlates to the results of TFC, found to be within 266.8333 mg – 622.6801 mg presented as ?g Quercetin per mL with a linear line of y=0.0005x + 0.023 with a coefficient R2 value of 0.9933. This finding corresponds to FTIR-ATR data, which shows a prominent broad appearance of -OH (primary and secondary alcohol) at peak 3327.21. In MTT Cytotoxic Assay, it has a minimal IC50 than Doxorubicin, as seen in Trial 2 with IC50 = 0.8012 ?g/mL, while antiproliferative activity revealed that D. trifasciata has minimal inhibitory activity in Trials 1 and 3 at the same concentration of 3.125 ?g/ mL as compared to the high antiproliferative property of positive control, as seen in Trial 2. Data showed that the D. trifasciata extract has minimal effectiveness even at 1.56 ?g/mL concentration, implying that other extraction techniques such as fractionation and purification may be used to satisfy its antiproliferative property.

CONCLUSION

The D. trifasciata extract contains polyalcohol, phenol, polyphenol, and polyhydroxylated metabolites, which are structures that correspond to the major groups of flavonoids (structures that have antioxidant properties), contributing to the high TFC values.

Human ; Plants ; Colorectal Neoplasms ; Dracaena

Epithelioid sarcoma is an uncommon mesenchymal malignancy which represents less than 1% of all sarcomas. Rarer still are reports of this tumor initially presenting in the vulva. We report a case of vulvar proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma.

A 52-year-old had a 5-month history of slowly growing papule on the right labia majora. Excision of the mass revealed a tumor composed of large polygonal cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. An immunohistochemistry panel revealed cytokeratin AE1/AE3 positivity only. She underwent radical vulvectomy with bilateral groin node dissection. The specimen revealed a cream tan, firm, fairly defined mass at the right vulva. Microscopic examination showed a sheet-like growth pattern of large pleomorphic epithelioid cells with large vesicular nuclei and prominent nucleoli. The tumor showed loss of INI1 nuclear expression and absence of CD34 staining. EMA was positive. The case was signed out as proximal-type epithelioid sarcoma of the right vulva. Two months post-operatively, the patient was given concurrent chemotherapy with 5 cycles of cisplatin 40 mg/m2 and 6600 centigray vulvar intensity-modulated radiotherapy. She had no evidence of disease for five months until repeat workup showed tumor recurrence in the perineum. She was subsequently given 6 cycles of gemcitabine 900 mg/m2 and gemcitabine 900 mg/m2 with docetaxel 100 mg/m2. Two months after, repeat workup showed persistent progressive disease in the vulva. She was subsequently given 4 cycles of doxorubicin 60 mg/m2 and is for repeat workup.

The immunohistomorphologic features of this tumor, in addition to its unusual location, present a diagnostic challenge. Clues to the diagnosis include an initial presentation as a soft tissue mass and microscopic features showing the presence of epithelioid to spindle cytomorphology with an infiltrative growth pattern. Immunohistochemistry studies revealing the loss of INI1 nuclear expression and expression of epithelial markers would ultimately establish the diagnosis of this rare clinical entity.

Human ; Female ; Middle Aged: 45-64 Yrs Old ; Female Urogenital Diseases ; Vulvar Neoplasms ; Epithelioid Sarcoma

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

A parachiasmal lesion is defined as a mass or growth arising from structures around or near the chiasm. Ophthalmologic signs and symptoms may be observed in such condition, such as blurring of vision, visual field defects, and binocular double vision. The primary objective of this study was to describe the presenting ophthalmologic signs and symptoms of parachiasmal lesions among patients consulting at a single institution in the Philippines.

METHODS

This was a single-center, retrospective, cohort study. Medical records of patients with parachiasmal lesions seen in the Neuro-Ophthalmology clinic of a tertiary Philippine hospital from January 2014 to December 2019 were reviewed. Clinical profile, neuro-ophthalmologic presentation, diagnosis, management, and visual outcomes were summarized by descriptive statistics.

RESULTS

One hundred thirty-three (133) patient records satisfied the study criteria. Most common presenting symptoms were blurring of vision. headache, and loss of vision. Visual acuity at initial visit ranged from 20/20 to no light perception. A relative afferent pupillary defect was present in half of the study population. Almost half presented with normal-looking discs or disc pallor. Bitemporal hemianopia is the most common visual field defect pattern seen in both confrontation and automated visual field testing. Histopathology was significantly associated with visual outcome.

CONCLUSION

Parachiasmal lesion should be suspected in patients who complain of unilateral blurring of vision, and those who present with normal or pale optic discs. Pituitary adenoma is the most common radiologic and histopathologic diagnosis. Visual outcome after intervention has improved or remained stable in two-thirds of patients; visual recovery is multi-factorial, which is influenced by duration, surgery, and histopathology.

Human ; Retrospective Studies ; Pituitary Neoplasms ; Visual Fields ; Visual Acuity ; Philippines

BACKGROUND

Cervical cancer remains to be the second leading cancer and cause of cancer-related deaths among Filipino women despite the use of the Papanicolaou screening. Latest research has shown that the human papillomavirus (HPV) is a necessary cause of cervical cancer. With major morbidity and high mortality rates associated with HPV infection and cervical cancer, several modes of primary and secondary forms of prevention have to be implemented. Among the primary modes of prevention is the administration of the preventive vaccine, which has consistently shown to decrease substantially HPV disease and cervical cancer rates in developed countries. In our country, before a successful vaccination, program is implemented, several sociocultural issues have to be addressed. Knowledge, attitude, and motivational factors are vital in determining acceptance of the vaccine. One relevant setting is exploring the willingness of mothers to get their female children vaccinated even before they become sexually active.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of the study was to determine the association of the knowledge, attitude, and motivational factors of mothers on their willingness for their female children aged 9–13 years to undergo HPV vaccination at a tertiary government hospital.

STUDY DESIGN

This was a cross-sectional study that was carried out at a government institution.

POPULATION

The population consisted of 352 mothers with female children aged 9–13 years consulting the outpatient clinics at the department of obstetrics and gynecology at a tertiary government hospital.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A pretested and validated survey was given to 352 respondents. They were asked to answer a self-administered questionnaire that included sociodemographic, reproductive, sexual history variables, knowledge, and attitude, and motivational factors toward the disease and the associated vaccine.

RESULTS

Using the survey proportion estimation methods, the prevalence of women who were willing to enroll their daughters for HPV vaccination was 97.18% (n = 42, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 94.91 to 98.46%). It can be noted that only a third of the sample had high knowledge on the vaccine and its use 34.93% (n = 124, 95% CI: 30.25 to 39.92%). More women who reached college level (χ2: 5.67) and also those whose youngest child was between 11 and 13 years old (χ2: 8.82)-had higher knowledge scores than otherwise. Those who have an annual income of greater than or equal to P 60,000 (χ2: 16.55) and are non-Catholic (χ2: 18.77) – also appeared to have higher knowledge ratings on the questionnaire. Women who never to a few times a year attend church-related activities had higher knowledge scores compared to women who were more frequent goers (χ2: 16.33). For the attitude toward the vaccine, more mothers believed that getting the vaccine would not have an effect on a girl’s sexual activity and most agreed that they would not be viewed as bad parents. Most women also did not believe that religion would affect their willingness to vaccinate their children. There was an association in the degree of agreement between negative and positive attitudes from the Chi-square test performed (χ2: 7.44, P: 0.01). There were more agreeing responses from factors determining positive attitude and more disagreeing responses in the factors determining negative attitude. With regard to motivational factors, more women agreed that the cost was prohibitive and that they were more willing if only two doses would be required for their daughters. They were also not concerned about what other parents may think about getting the vaccine. Most answered that they were willing to follow their doctors’ recommendations and they have trust in vaccine manufacturers. Most women were also concerned that their daughters may get cervical cancer in the future. There was no difference in the proportion of agreeing responses between positive and negative motivating factors among the study participants (Z: 0.30, P: 0.79). This suggested that these factors could be important predictors of willingness to use vaccination on their children. Based on the crude odds ratios from the logistic regression, the likelihood of being willing to administer HPV vaccine to their children was almost twice as the knowledge score and scores on the positive attitude items increased, and was found to be statistically significant. At the same time, the odds of willingness increased by more than twice as the score on the negative attitude items decreased, and was also significant. There was no noted association for the other predictors of the association.

CONCLUSION

The role of knowledge and attitudes on the negative perceptions on the vaccine were important predictors of the willingness of mothers to have their female children vaccinated against HPV infection.

Human ; Cervical Cancer ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ; Human Papillomavirus ; Human Papillomavirus Viruses ; Vaccination

INTRODUCTION

Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is generally considered to be an indolent disease with relatively good prognosis. However, some studies have shown that the Filipino population has a higher risk for disease recurrence compared to non-Filipino patients and hence early identification and management during the follow-up period would be beneficial, especially those in whom risk factors for recurrence were identified.

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to identify determinants for disease recurrence of patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (as defined by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines 2015) diagnosed from January 1, 2013-December 31, 2017, seen at the University of Santo Tomas Hospital (USTH) outpatient endocrine clinic and underwent total thyroidectomy with or without radioactive iodine ablation therapy.

METHODOLOGY

Retrospective review of outpatient medical records of 82 patients with PTC who underwent total thyroidectomy with or without radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy and achieved excellent response (ER) to therapy was performed. Baseline clinical profile such as age at diagnosis, sex, family history of thyroid cancer, family history of goiter, histopathology result, serial thyroglobulin (Tg), anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) levels, whole body scan reports, neck ultrasound reports and RAI doses were collected. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify determinants to the development of worsening response.

RESULTS

Of the 82 patients, 18 (21.9%) developed worsening response to therapy. Predictors of poor outcomes identified from previous studies such as age, sex, extent of disease, size and multifocality of tumors, ATA risk classification and initial dynamic risk assessment, RAI therapy, level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) suppression were analyzed. After logistic regression analysis, there was no significant association between variables and progression to worsening response that were previously identified in other studies.

CONCLUSION

Even though no significant association between investigated variables and worsening response were identified in this study, previous studies with larger populations that had exhibited positive association should be considered and hence current Philippine guidelines for the management of PTC must still be applied.

Human ; Thyroid Cancer ; Thyroid Neoplasms ; Thyroid Cancer, Papillary

BACKGROUND/IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

At present, there is not much data on the prevalence of cancer in the young adult population in the local setting, in addition to prevalence and determinants of distress in this population. The findings of this study may help to understand the current situation of this young population, and it may also provide a reference for further improving outcomes among these patients who have a distinct set of needs compared to the older counterparts, in addition to a long life expectancy ahead of them.

STUDY DESIGN

This study employed an observational cross-sectional design that included young adult cancer patients, aged 19 to 39 years old, seen at the hospital outpatient clinics and Cancer Center from October 2023 to December 2023. Demographic and clinical data were collected. The participants were also asked to fill out the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) Distress Thermometer (DT) Screening Tool and Problem List after signing the written informed consent. Data were collated and analyzed per clinical variable.

RESULTS/ANALYSIS

The mean age of the participants was 34.55 years (SD=3.97), with most of them being 36 to 39 years old (51.67%). Comparative analyses of different demographic and clinical characteristics indicated that none of the characteristics were significantly different between those without and with significant distress levels (p >0.05). The mean distress score was 4.11 (SD=2.60) and categorizing these scores using the established cut-off score showed that 58.33% (95% CI = 44.88% to 70.93%) had distress. Time from cancer diagnosis significantly predicted distress development, specifically between 6 and 12 months from cancer diagnosis (aOR = 0.03, p = 0.042). Factors significantly contributing to distress are concerns on changes in eating, loss or change of physical abilities, worry or anxiety, sadness or depression, loss of interest or enjoyment, loneliness, changes in appearance, feelings of worthlessness or being a burden, relationship with friends, ability to have children, taking care of oneself, finances, access to medicine, issues on sense of meaning or purpose, and on death, dying and afterlife (pCONCLUSION

Significant distress is present in more than 50% of young adult cancer patients seen in a private tertiary institution in the Philippines. The time from cancer diagnosis significantly predicted distress development. Emotional and practical concerns significantly contributed to distress in this population.

Human ; Male ; Female ; Young Adult: 19-24 Yrs Old ; Adult: 25-44 Yrs Old ; Neoplasms ; Life Expectancy ; Tertiary Care Centers

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

The burden of treatment delay in breast cancer is high, especially among developing countries. Despite adversely affecting morbidity and mortality, treatment delay remains unexplored in the Philippines. This study aimed to determine treatment delays among breast cancer patients in a tertiary hospital during surgery, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy, and to identify predictors of delay.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted among breast cancer patients seen between January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2018. The following outcomes were investigated: ≥90 days from initial diagnosis to surgery, ≥8 weeks from diagnosis to initiation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and >120 days from diagnosis to initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy. Summary statistics were reported as percent for categorical data and as mean for continuous data. The individual correlations were performed using Chi-square for qualitative data and t-test for quantitative data while predictors were determined through logistic regression.

RESULTS

A total of 324 patients were included in this study. The majority of the patients were less than 65 years old living in urban areas. More than half of the patients were overweight or obese, hypertensive, and diabetic. The following delays were observed: 61.1% (n = 198) with any type of delay, 23.8% (n = 53) with delay in surgery, 53.8% (n = 120) with delay in adjuvant chemotherapy, and 74.3% (n = 75) with delay in neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The patients noted to have any type of delay were more likely to be hypertensive (p = 0.046) and residing in urban areas (p = 0.041). There were no differences in the distribution of age, body mass index, and presence of co-morbid conditions such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, and heart failure among those with any form of delay compared with no delay.

CONCLUSION

The present study shows the presence of treatment delay among breast cancer patients and may be used to enact policy changes to optimize breast cancer care delivery. Further studies may be done to identify other factors affecting these delays and policy changes are recommended to address these gaps in surgery and chemotherapy administration among breast cancer patients.

Breast Neoplasms ; Breast Cancer ; Quality Of Health Care ; Treatment Delay

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

Prolactinoma is the most common functioning tumor of the pituitary gland. While its clinical course and outcomes among different populations have been vastly described in the past, data of prolactinoma among Filipinos has not been explored. This paper aims to describe the clinical profile and outcome of prolactinoma among adult Filipino patients.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective cohort study including 41 patients with prolactinoma seen at the Philippine General Hospital. The clinical profile, cranial imaging features, treatment modalities given, and their outcomes over a mean follow up of 16 months were evaluated.

RESULTS

The mean age at diagnosis was 36.76 ± 13.99 years. Majority of our cohort were females. Macroprolactinoma were found in 75.61% and giant prolactinoma in 9.76%. The remaining 12.2% were mixed GH and PRL secreting tumors. Most common symptoms at presentation were blurring of vision, headache, and amenorrhea. Median PRL levels was 353 (200-470) ng/ml. Medical therapy with Bromocriptine was the primary treatment modality used in 78% of patients. We found no significant difference between patients who underwent surgical and medical primary treatment modalities in terms of outcomes. At the end of follow up, 82.6% of patients achieved at least more than 50% reduction in their prolactin levels.

CONCLUSION

Overall, our study showed that adult Filipino patients with prolactinoma have a larger tumor size at diagnosis and a lower rate of improvement of gonadal function after treatment. There were no statistically significant differences in clinical and biochemical outcomes between the treatment modalities used.

Human ; Prolactinoma ; Pituitary Neoplasms ; Prolactin