ObjectiveTo analyze the research hotspots and development trends in the field of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) for spinal cord injury (SCI). MethodsLiterature about SCS for SCI was retrieve from the Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection database, with a time range from January, 1999 to July, 2025. VOSviewer 1.6.20 and CiteSpace 6.4.R2 were used to analyze the annual publication volume, countries, authors, institutions, journals and keywords. ResultsA total of 636 literatures were included. From 1999 to 2025, the overall publication trend in this field showed an upward trajectory, with recent years fluctuating but tending to stabilize. The country with the most publications was the United States (429 papers), followed by Russia (98 papers) and China (70 papers). The institution with the highest number of publications was the University of California, Los Angeles (76 papers), the author with the most publications was V. Reggie Edgerton (70 papers), and the journal with the most publications was Journal of Clinical Medicine (31 papers). The most frequently cited study focused on exploring the combination of epidural spinal cord stimulation with task-specific training to restore motor function in patients with complete SCI. Keyword analysis showed that the research hotspots in this field were mainly focused on neuroregulation mechanisms, recovery of motor and autonomic nervous dysfunction, artificial intelligence, closed-loop stimulation and brain-computer interface technology innovations. In recent years, the research focus gradually shifted from basic mechanisms to personalized and precise multifunctional rehabilitation strategies. ConclusionThe field of SCS for SCI has undergone phases of basic mechanism exploration and clinical application expansion. Current research hotspots and future trends focus primarily on the development of new stimulation paradigms and combined innovative technologies.

Objective: To investigate the efficacy of magnesium-strontium co-doped hydroxyapatite mineralized collagen (MSHA/Col) in improving the bone repair microenvironment and enhancing bone regeneration capacity, providing a strategy to address the insufficient biomimetic composition and limited bioactivity of traditional hydroxyapatite mineralized collagen (HA/Col) scaffolds. Methods: A high-molecular-weight polyacrylic acid-stabilized amorphous calcium magnesium strontium phosphate precursor (HPAA/ACMSP) was prepared. Its morphology and elemental distribution were characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Recombinant collagen sponge blocks were immersed in the HPAA/ACMSP mineralization solution. Magnesium-strontium co-doped hydroxyapatite was induced to deposit within collagen fibers (experimental group: MSHA/Col; control group: HA/Col). The morphological characteristics of MSHA/Col were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Its crystal structure and chemical composition were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The mineral phase content was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis. The scaffold's porosity, ion release, and in vitro degradation performance were also determined. For cytological experiments, CCK-8 assay, live/dead cell staining, alkaline phosphatase staining, alizarin red S staining, RT-qPCR, and western blotting were used to evaluate the effects of the MSHA/Col scaffold on the proliferation, viability, early osteogenic differentiation activity, late mineralization capacity, and gene and protein expression levels of key osteogenic markers [runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), collagen type Ⅰ (Col-Ⅰ), osteopontin (Opn), and osteocalcin (Ocn)] in mouse embryonic osteoblast precursor cells (MC3T3-E1). Results: HPAA/ACMSP appeared as amorphous spherical nanoparticles under TEM, with energy spectrum analysis showing uniform distribution of carbon, oxygen, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and strontium elements. SEM results of MSHA/Col indicated successful complete intrafibrillar mineralization. Elemental analysis showed the mass fractions of magnesium and strontium were 0.72% (matching the magnesium content in natural bone) and 2.89%, respectively. X-ray diffraction revealed characteristic peaks of hydroxyapatite crystals (25.86°, 31°-34°). Infrared spectroscopy results showed characteristic absorption peaks for both collagen and hydroxyapatite. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated a mineral phase content of 78.29% in the material. The scaffold porosity was 91.6% ± 1.1%, close to the level of natural bone tissue. Ion release curves demonstrated sustained release behavior for both magnesium and strontium ions. The in vitro degradation rate matched the ingrowth rate of new bone tissue. Cytological experiments showed that MSHA/Col significantly promoted MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation (130% increase in activity at 72 h, P < 0.001). MSHA/Col exhibited excellent efficacy in promoting osteogenic differentiation, significantly upregulating the expression of osteogenesis-related genes and proteins (Runx2, Col-Ⅰ, Opn, Ocn) (P < 0.01). Conclusion The MSHA/Col scaffold achieves dual biomimicry of natural bone in both composition and structure, and effectively promotes osteogenic differentiation at the genetic and protein levels, breaking through the functional limitations of pure hydroxyapatite mineralized collagen. This provides a new strategy for the development of functional bone repair materials

Retinitis pigmentosa （RP） is the most common hereditary blinding eye disease in clinical practice， with the pathogenesis remaining unclear. Patients experience progressive apoptosis of retinal photoreceptor cells， accompanied by degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium （RPE） cells. Current Western medical treatments mainly focus on gene therapy and stem cell transplantation， showing limited efficacy. In contrast， clinical observations have confirmed the therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） treatments. Establishing an RP animal model that aligns with the diagnostic features of both TCM and Western medicine could help combine the strengths of both approaches， thereby broadening the treatment options for RP. This study categorizes and summarizes the existing RP animal models in terms of classification， types， inheritance patterns， and alignment with clinical manifestations. It is found that current RP models are primarily derived from natural animal models such as RD mice and RCS rats， transgenic animal models like RPE-65 knockout mice and rhodopsin gene knockout mice， and chemically induced models such as those created by monochromatic light exposure or N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea （ENU） administration. These three categories of models focus more on detecting RP-related histopathological， molecular biological， and cellular immunological indicators， but offer limited observation of the overall characteristics of the disease and lack insight into syndrome differentiation. Although RP is a congenital genetic disease， its progression is influenced by acquired factors such as environment， constitution， emotions， and care. Current models do not fully capture the characteristics of this disease. Therefore， establishing an RP animal model based on the diagnostic features of both TCM and Western medicine will have significant implications for future experimental and clinical research.

Retinitis pigmentosa （RP） is the most common hereditary blinding eye disease in clinical practice， with the pathogenesis remaining unclear. Patients experience progressive apoptosis of retinal photoreceptor cells， accompanied by degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium （RPE） cells. Current Western medical treatments mainly focus on gene therapy and stem cell transplantation， showing limited efficacy. In contrast， clinical observations have confirmed the therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） treatments. Establishing an RP animal model that aligns with the diagnostic features of both TCM and Western medicine could help combine the strengths of both approaches， thereby broadening the treatment options for RP. This study categorizes and summarizes the existing RP animal models in terms of classification， types， inheritance patterns， and alignment with clinical manifestations. It is found that current RP models are primarily derived from natural animal models such as RD mice and RCS rats， transgenic animal models like RPE-65 knockout mice and rhodopsin gene knockout mice， and chemically induced models such as those created by monochromatic light exposure or N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea （ENU） administration. These three categories of models focus more on detecting RP-related histopathological， molecular biological， and cellular immunological indicators， but offer limited observation of the overall characteristics of the disease and lack insight into syndrome differentiation. Although RP is a congenital genetic disease， its progression is influenced by acquired factors such as environment， constitution， emotions， and care. Current models do not fully capture the characteristics of this disease. Therefore， establishing an RP animal model based on the diagnostic features of both TCM and Western medicine will have significant implications for future experimental and clinical research.

Objective To analyze the influence of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection on the risk of colorectal adenomatous polyps in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A total of 306 patients with T2DM who were treated in the hospital from April 2021 to April 2024 were enrolled as the study subjects. According to whether colorectal adenomatous polyps occurred, the enrolled patients were divided into adenomatous polyp group and non-adenomatous polyp group. The risk factors of colorectal adenomatous polyps in T2DM patients were discussed by univariate and Logistic multivariate regression analyses. The predictive value of Hp on the occurrence of colorectal adenomatous polyps was explored by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results Among 306 T2DM patients, there were 142 cases of colorectal adenomatous polyps, with an incidence rate of 46.41%. After logistic analysis, it was found that Hp infection, concurrent gallbladder disease, fatty liver, alcohol drinking history and insulin use were independent influencing factors for colorectal adenomatous polyps (OR: 5.518, 95%CI: 2.806-10.850; OR: 2.782, 95%CI: 1.406-5.502; OR: 3.702, 95%CI: 1.684-8.141; OR: 2.125, 95%CI: 1.140-3.964; OR: 5.398, 95%CI: 2.528-11.525, P<0.05). ROR curve analysis indicated that the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity of Hp infection in predicting colorectal adenomatous polyps were 0.611, 38.73% and 83.54%. Conclusion The occurrence of colorectal adenomatous polyps in patients with T2DM is affected by many factors among which Hp infection has obvious predictive value on its risk.

Abnormal synaptic plasticity is an early pathological feature of Alzheimer disease (AD). Synaptic damage and dysfunction initiate neuronal degeneration and death, ultimately leading to cognitive impairment. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) can effectively ameliorate cognitive dysfunction through multitarget regulation of synaptic plasticity. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which TCM, including active components, single herbs, and classical formulas, modulates synaptic plasticity, offering new insights for future research and clinical applications. Relevant experimental studies published between 2020 and 2024 were retrieved from major databases, including China National Knowledge Infrastructure, the National Science and Technology Library, Wanfang Data, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, PubMed, SpringerLink, and Web of Science. Network pharmacology and bioinformatics approaches were used to predict the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of TCM on AD-related synaptic plasticity. In total, 15 TCM single herbs and 11 TCM formulas were identified as enhancing AD-related synaptic plasticity. Additionally, 15 active ingredients targeting synaptic plasticity in AD were retrieved from TCM databases over the past decade. This review provides novel perspectives and strategic directions for future AD research and therapeutic development.

Avian infectious bronchitis(IB),a rapidly spreading and acute disease in chickens,is caused by the infectious bronchitis virus(IBV).IB is characterized by its remarkable genetic varia-bility.IBV has a high degree of mutation,and the existing means of immunization often fail to a-chieve good results,seriously affecting the development of the domestic poultry industry.This ar-ticle offers a comprehensive review of the current understanding of the immune response to IBV,focusing on three key areas:non-specific immunity,mucosal immunity,and specific immunity.By dissecting these aspects,the aim is to provide a theoretical reference for the study of the immune mechanism of IBV.

Objective:To explore the interaction of IL-2,IL-6 factors and intestinal flora disorder in patients with rheumatoid arthritis complicated with interstitial lung disease(RA-ILD).Methods:A total of 100 RA patients diagnosed at Shijiazhuang People's Hospital from June 2021 to June 2022 were enrolled and divided into the RA-ILD group(with ILD,n=27)and RA-noILD group(with-out ILD,n=73)according to the results of pulmonary CT and clinical manifestations.Fecal samples were collected from all partici-pants,and intestinal flora levels were cultured and analyzed.Bacterial DNA was extracted from fecal samples,and the 16S rDNA gene was amplified by PCR to generate DGGE profiles of gut microbiota.The Shannon-Wiener index,evenness,and richness of intestinal bacteria were calculated.Cluster analysis was performed to compare structural differences in gut microbiota between the groups.Demo-graphic characteristics,clinical symptoms,laboratory parameters,and intestinal flora-related indicators were compared between the groups.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify independent risk factors for ILD development in RA pa-tients.Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate relationships between serum IL-2,IL-6 levels and gut microbiota parame-ters.Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed to determine independent factors influencing disease progression in RA-ILD patients.Results:Smoking,age≥53.77 years old,anti-CCP antibody≥334.60 RU/ml,IL-6≥199.47 ng/ml,IL-2<3.10 ng/ml,richness<18.39,Shannon-Wiener index<2.88,Bifidobacterium<7.27 CFU/g,Bacteroides fragilis<7.75 CFU/g,Hmax<3.14 and flora uniformity<0.92 were independent factors affecting the occurrence of ILD in patients with RA.In patients with RA-ILD,serum IL-6 level was negatively correlated with richness,Shannon-Wiener index,Hmax and flora evenness,while serum IL-2 level was positively correlated with richness,Shannon-Wiener index,Hmax and flora evenness.Smoking,age,anti-CCP antibody,IL-6,IL-2,richness,Shannon-Wiener index,Bifidobacterium,Bacteroides fragilis,Hmax and flora uniformity were independent factors affecting the outcome of RA-ILD patients(P<0.05).Conclusion:Smoking,age,anti-CCP antibody,IL-6,IL-2,richness,Shannon-Wiener index,Bifido-bacterium,Bacteroides fragilis,Hmax and flora uniformity have significant diagnostic and prognostic value for RA-ILD.The changes of intestinal microbial community in patients with RA-ILD and the changes in the number and structure of intestinal bacteria may be one of the important factors of RA patients complicated with ILD.

Objective:To explore the dynamic change trajectory and influencing factors of postoperative fatigue (POF) in patients with early digestive tract cancer undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), so as to provide theoretical basis for individualized management of such patients.Methods:Using cross-sectional survey and convenient sampling method, the patients who underwent ESD for early cancer of digestive tract in the endoscopic center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine from January to June 2024 were selected as the research objects. The questionnaires were conducted at 30 min, 24 h, 3 days, 5 days, 7 days after ESD with Christensen's postoperative fatigue score. Spearman test was used to analyze the correlation between pain, insomnia and POF. The latent variable growth model was used to identify the potential categories of POF trajectory, and the influencing factors were analyzed by Logistic regression.Results:A total of 232 patients were finally induded, with ages of 19-94(59.53 ± 13.29) years, including 120 males and 112 femalss. The POF level of patients with early cancer of digestive tract showed a downward trend one week after operation. Three postoperative fatigue trajectories were fitted, 9.05% in moderate or severe fatigue low-speed smooth descent group (C1 group); 32.76% in moderate fatigue first decreased quickly and then slowly group (C2 group) and 58.19% in mild fatigue continuous decline group (C3 group). The result of Logistic regression analysis showed that, compared with C1 group, people without religious beliefs were morelikely to enter C2 group [ β = 1.572, OR = 4.818(1.033 - 22.465), P<0.05]; compared with C3 group, patients with high pain level and severe insomnia degree were likely to enter C1 [ β = 2.621, 0.663, OR were 13.754(2.692 - 70.283) and 1.942(1.429 - 2.638), both P<0.05] and C2 [ β = 2.010, 0.491, OR were 7.464(1.890 - 29.482) and 1.634(1.348 - 1.982), both P<0.05] group. Conclusions:There were three potential types of POF in patients with early digestive tract cancer ESD. Medical staff should pay attention to patients with severe insomnia, intense pain and religious beliefs, and give staged fatigue assessment and individualized intervention, so as to reduce the level of POF and promote rapid recovery.

Objective:To explore the relationship between the dark triad, fear of missing out and smartphone addiction, as well as the mediating role of fear of missing out between the dark triad and smartphone addiction.Methods:A total of 408 college students were assessed using dirty dozen, fear of missing out scale, and mobile phone addiction index. SPSS 24.0 software was used for common method bias tests, descriptive statistical analysis, and correlation analysis. Mplus 8.3 software was employed to construct a structural equation model, and the Bootstrap method was used for mediation effect analysis.Results:The dark triad (36.14±9.06) was positively correlated with fear of missing out (22.55±6.60) and smartphone addiction (46.77±13.62) ( r=0.48, 0.45, both P<0.01). Fear of missing out was also positively correlated with smartphone addiction ( r=0.54, P<0.01). Fear of missing out played a partial mediating role in the relationship between the dark triad and smartphone addiction, with a total effect value of 0.495 and a mediating effect value of 0.217. Conclusion:Fear of missing out partially mediates the relationship between the dark triad and smartphone addiction. The dark triad not only directly predicts smartphone addiction but also indirectly influences smartphone addiction through fear of missing out.