The Chinese Pharmacopoeia is the legal technical standard which should be followed during the research, production, use, and administration of drugs. At present, the new edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia is planned to be promulgated and implemented. This article summarizes and analyzes the main characteristics and the content of updates and amendments of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia 2025 Edition(Volume Ⅰ), to provide a reference for the correct understanding and accurate implementation the new edition of the pharmacopoeia.

ObjectiveTo explore the pharmacological mechanism involved in the treatment of allergic cough （AC） by Xiaoer Huatan Zhike granules （XEHT） based on proteomics and network pharmacology. MethodsAfter sensitization by intraperitoneal injection of 1 mL suspension containing 2 mg ovalbumin （OVA） and 100 mg aluminum hydroxide， a guinea pig model of allergic cough was constructed by nebulization with 1% OVA. The modeled guinea pigs were randomized into the model， low-， medium- and high-dose （1， 5， 20 g·kg^-1， respectively） XEHT， and sodium montelukast （1 mg·kg^-1） groups （n=6）， and another 6 guinea pigs were selected as the blank group. The guinea pigs in drug administration groups were administrated with the corresponding drugs by gavage， and those in the blank and model groups received the same volume of normal saline by gavage， 1 time·d^-1. After 10 consecutive days of drug administration， the guinea pigs were stimulated by 1% OVA nebulization， and the coughs were observed. The pathological changes in the lung tissue were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to measure the levels of C-reactive protein （CRP）， interleukin-6 （IL-6）， tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α）， superoxide dismutase （SOD）， and malondialdehyde （MDA） in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid （BALF） and immunoglobulin G （IgG） and immunoglobulin A （IgA） in the serum. Immunohistochemistry （IHC） was employed to observe the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in the lung tissue. Transmission electron microscopy was employed observe the alveolar type Ⅱ epithelial cell ultrastructure. Real-time PCR was employed to determine the mRNA levels of IL-6， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， and TNF-α in the lung tissue. Label-free proteomics was used to detect the differential proteins among groups. Network pharmacology was used to predict the targets of XEHT in treating AC. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes （KEGG） enrichment analysis was performed to search for the same pathways from the results of proteomics and network pharmacology. ResultsCompared with the blank group， the model group showed increased coughs （P<0.01）， elevated levels of CRP， TNF-α， IL-6， and MDA and lowered level of SOD in the BALF （P<0.05， P<0.01）， elevated levels of IgA and IgG in the serum （P<0.05， P<0.01）， congestion of the lung tissue and infiltration of inflammatory cells， increased expression of IL-6 and TNF-α （P<0.01）， large areas of low electron density edema in type Ⅱ epithelial cells， obvious swelling and vacuolization of the organelles， karyopyknosis or sparse and dissolved chromatin， and up-regulated mRNA levels of IL-6， IL-1β， and TNF-α （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the drug administration groups showed reduced coughs （P<0.01）， lowered levels of CRP， TNF-α， IL-6， and MDA and elevated level of SOD in the BALF （P<0.05， P<0.01）， alleviated lung tissue congestion， inflammatory cell infiltration， and type Ⅱ epithelial cell injury， and decreased expression of IL-6 and TNF-α （P<0.01）. In addition， the medium-dose XEHT group and the montelukast sodium group showcased lowered serum levels of IgA and IgG （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The medium- and high-dose XEHT groups and the montelukast sodium showed down-regulated mRNA levels of IL-6， IL-1β， and TNF-α and the low-dose XEHT group showed down-regulated mRNA levels of IL-6 and TNF-α （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Phospholipase D， mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR）， and epidermal growth factor receptor family of receptor tyrosine kinase （ErbB） signaling pathways were the common pathways predicted by both proteomics and network pharmacology. ConclusionProteomics combined with network pharmacology reveal that XEHT can ameliorate AC by regulating the phospholipase D， mTOR， and ErbB signaling pathways.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of modified Ditan Decoction （涤痰汤） on chronic intermittent hypoxia cognitive function and the potential function mechanism. MethodsTwenty-four Sprague-Dawley （SD） rats were randomly divided into a normal group， a model group， and a modified Ditan Decoction group， with eight rats in each group. Rats in the modified Ditan Decoction group were administered the decoction by gavage at 14.8 ml/（kg·d）， while the normal group and the model group received the same dose of normal saline. Thirty minutes after daily gavage， the rats in all three groups were placed in an intermittent hypoxia chamber. The oxygen concentration for the model group and the modified Ditan Decoction group was adjusted daily for 8 hours using a computer program to establish the model， while the normal group was exposed to the same airflow rate of ambient air. The intervention was continued for 12 weeks to establish a chronic intermittent hypoxia rat model. The Y-maze test was used to evaluate spatial working memory in the rats. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging （rs-fMRI） was performed to detect whole-brain regional homogeneity （ReHo） and seed-based functional connectivity （FC）. Brain regions showing significant differences in rs-fMRI were selected for further analysis. Immunofluorescence was used to detect β-amyloid （Aβ） deposition and the number of ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 （IBA1）-positive microglial cells. Immunohistochemistry was employed to assess the expression of synaptophysin （SYP）， the excitatory synapse marker vesicular glutamate transporter 1 （Vglut1）， and the inhibitory synapse marker vesicular γ-aminobutyric acid transporter （VGAT）. ResultsCompared with the normal group， the model group showed a reduced spontaneous alternation rate in the Y-maze test. The smoothed Z-score standardized regional homogeneity （SzReHo） value in the left entorhinal cortex significantly increased， and the FC value from this seed point to the left basal forebrain significantly reduced. Additionally， the model group exhibited significantly higher Aβ fluorescence intensity and Iba1 positivity in the left entorhinal cortex， decreased expression of SYP， Vglut1， and VGAT， along with an increased Vglut1/VGAT ratio （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. Compared to the model group， the modified Ditan Decoction group demonstrated an increased spontaneous alternation rate， a significantly reduced SzReHo value in the left entorhinal cortex， and a significantly increased FC value from this region to the left basal forebrain. Furthermore， this group showed significantly lower Aβ fluorescence intensity and Iba1 positivity in the left entorhinal cortex， increased levels of SYP， Vglut1， and VGAT， and a decreased Vglut1/VGAT ratio （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. ConclusionModified Ditan Decoction can reconstruct the projection from the left basal forebrain to the entorhinal cortex in chronic intermittent hypoxia， thereby reducing Aβ aggregation and excessive microglial activation in the left entorhinal cortex. This process improves the excitation/inhibition imbalance caused by synaptic remodeling， ultimately enhancing cognitive function in rats of chronic intermittent hypoxia.

OBJECTIVE To investigate the use of drugs and the development of pharmaceutical care in the tight medical alliance （shorted for “medical alliance”） of Wanzhou District of Chongqing， and provide reference for the further construction of the medical alliance. METHODS A survey form was designed and distributed to 21 constituent units （5 leading units and 16 member units） of 5 medical alliances in Wanzhou District of Chongqing. The statistical analysis was conducted in aspects of basic drug allocation and use， pharmaceutical personnel team construction， the development of pharmaceutical care， and rational use of antibiotics. RESULTS Among the 21 constituent units， 4 leading units and 14 member units achieved the target for the proportion of essential drug procurement varieties， with a total compliance rate of 85.71%； 4 leading units and 13 member units achieved the target for the proportion of national essential drug allocation and usage amount， with a total compliance rate of 80.95%. The proportions of personnel with doctoral degrees in the 5 leading units and 16 member units were 1.71% and 0 respectively， and the proportions of personnel with senior professional titles were 8.56% and 1.63%， respectively. A total of 5 pharmacy or pharmaceutical combined outpatient clinics were set up in the 21 medical alliance units， and 5 clinical pharmacy information service platforms were established； all 5 leading units were able to regularly carry out clinical pharmacy projects， while only 4 out of 16 member units had conducted medical order review and evaluation. The proportions of irrational use of antibiotics in outpatient prescriptions and inpatient medical records of the 16 member units （4.81%， 5.21%） were significantly higher than those of the 5 leading units （2.80%， 4.00%）. CONCLUSIONS The allocation and usage of national essential drugs in 21 constituent units from Wanzhou District of Chongqing are both in good standing. However， the data on the allocation of pharmaceutical professionals and the number， qualifications， and job titles of clinical pharmacists in member units are generally low. Moreover， the pharmaceutical service projects and service quality in member units need to be further improved.

Tacrolimus is a crucial therapeutic drug for preventing immune rejection after solid organ transplantation in children. Due to the narrow treatment window and significant individual variability， personalized treatment is often required. In recent years， with the promotion of therapeutic drug monitoring technology， individualized treatment models based on tacrolimus drug concentration have developed rapidly. This article reviews the research progress of individualized dosing models for tacrolimus in children both domestically and internationally over the past decade. It includes dose simulation methods based on population pharmacokinetics， physiologically based pharmacokinetics， machine learning， and multiple linear regression. The characteristics of each model and its application in pediatric individualized dosing are analyzed and summarized. Additionally， the current development status of decision support systems for individualized tacrolimus dosing is introduced.

ObjectiveLeveraging the advanced capabilities of nanopore long-read sequencing technology， our study undertook a comprehensive analysis of the distinct transcriptomic alterations occurring in normal liver parenchymal cells and liver cancer cells subjected to hypoxic conditions. The primary goal was to elucidate the underlying mechanisms governing tumor cell survival and metastasis in low-oxygen environments， thereby paving the way for innovative targeted cancer therapies. MethodsThe normal liver parenchymal cell line THLE-3 and the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line Hep3B were chosen as the focal points of this investigation. Following a 48-hour incubation period in both normoxic and hypoxic conditions， total RNA was extracted from these cells. Subsequently， we employed nanopore sequencing technology to conduct a high-throughput， high-fidelity analysis of the transcriptomes of these two cell lines across different oxygen levels. ResultsThis study established a hypoxic transcriptome dataset using third-generation nanopore sequencing technology， achieving an unprecedented level of sequencing accuracy. By conducting a Gene Ontology （GO） enrichment analysis， we systematically identified and explored the key biological pathways associated with the hypoxic response （P＜0.05）. Furthermore， we integrated molecular dynamics simulation techniques to gain deeper insights into the dynamic structural changes of Solute Carrier Family 1 Member 5 （SLC1A5） during the translation of hypoxic-specific subtypes， providing direct evidence to elucidate its functional regulation. ConclusionThe application of nanopore long-read sequencing technology has proven to be a powerful tool， not only successfully capturing the distinctive expression patterns and specific subtypes of mRNA under hypoxic conditions， but also offering robust technical support for delving into the intricate transcriptomic landscape of hypoxic microenvironments. By further integrating protein structure simulations and molecular dynamics， we have proposed novel avenues for exploring protein structures in hypoxic microenvironments. The findings of this study have significantly enriched the field of hypoxic-specific transcriptomics， providing a more reliable data foundation for investigating hypoxic-specific protein structures. Moreover， these discoveries have unveiled potential hypoxic-specific targets that could be harnessed for the development of future targeted cancer treatment strategies.

The theory of " heart governing the exterior" derives from Prohibition of Pricking in Suwen, which has an important position in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine. This article sorts out the interpretation of " heart governing the exterior" of physicians in the past dynasties, and summarizes the clinical application of " heart governing the exterior" in chest painful impediment, warm disease, dermatosis, allergic rhinitis, tic disorder, and diabetic neuropathy. It is found that the theory of " heart governing the exterior" is widely used in clinical practice and has good effects. This paper further expands and enhances its theoretical connotation, that is, the physiological and pathological connection and clinical application of the three dimensions of heart yang, heart blood, and heart spirit with the life and mental activities dominated by it, as well as the overall external performance. In addition, by exploring the relationship between " heart governing the exterior" and " brain-heart axis" , " brain-skin axis" in Western medicine, it indirectly confirms the rationality of " heart governing the exterior" in Western medicine, and lays the foundation for the further development and application of the theory of " heart governing the exterior" .

In recent years, gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) have increased incidence and mortality, and most GIST is caused by the activation mutation of the c-KIT gene. Therefore, c-KIT has become a promising therapeutic target of GIST. At present, the drugs approved for the treatment of GIST including imatinib, sunitinib, regorafenib and ripretinib, are mostly prone to developing resistance and accompanied by various degrees of adverse reactions. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new c-KIT inhibitors to solve the problem of resistance. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor effect of a novel c-KIT inhibitor PN17-1 on gastrointestinal stromal tumor GIST-882 cells in vitro. We found that PN17-1 significantly inhibited the proliferation, colony formation and migration ability of GIST-882 cells, and significantly downregulated the protein expression levels of p-c-KIT and its downstream signals p-AKT, p-STAT5 and p-ERK in GIST-882 cells. In addition, PN17-1 induced apoptosis in GIST-882 cells, and the apoptosis may be mainly related to the mitochondrial-dependent endogenous pathway. In conclusion, the novel c-KIT inhibitor PN17-1 is a promising anti-GIST drug, and this study provides new ideas for further development of c-KIT inhibitors in the future.

Direct compression is an ideal method for tablet preparation, but it requires the powder's high functional properties. The functional properties of the powder during compression directly affect the quality of the tablet. 15 parameters such as Py, FES-8KN, FES-12KN, FES-16KN, CR-8KN, CR-12KN, and CR-16KN were used as the characteristic variables in this paper. Unsupervised learning methods like principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and factor analysis were applied to analyze and classify the compression behavior data of 36 traditional Chinese medicine powders. The results showed that both different dimensionality reduction classification methods could effectively differentiate the compression behavior characteristics of 36 traditional Chinese medicine compound powders. The hierarchical cluster analysis results showed a better agreement with the actual compression phenomena of the powders, where group 1 was high elasticity and low compressibility, group 2 was easily compressed and hard to break, group 3 was excellent compressibility and compactibility. This study is expected to provide references and ideas for predicting the behavior of traditional Chinese medicine powders and the screening of tablet formulations.

The plants of the genus Caragana Fabr. are desert plants of the Leguminosae family, which are widely used in traditional ethnomedicine, with the effects of nourishing Yin and nourishing blood, dispelling wind and removing dampness, clearing heat and detoxifying toxins. The anti-inflammatory effect of Caragana Fabr. has attracted much attention, the research on the related mechanism has made some progress, but it lacks systematic collation. By summarising the anti-inflammatory effects of the active ingredients of Caragana Fabr., the authors found that they have good anti-inflammatory activities on different inflammatory cell models in vitro, and have good improvement effects on rheumatoid arthritis, colitis, complex nephritis, and acute lung injury and other disease models. The anti-inflammatory effects of the active components of this genus mainly include the reduction of the levels of a variety of pro-inflammatory factors, and the signalling pathways involved mainly include TLR4/NF-κB, TLR4/MAPK, TLR4/NF-κB/IRF3, JAK/STAT-1, ERK/STAT-1 and so on. Therefore, the paper mainly reviews the research progress on the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of the Caragana Fabr. plants and their active components according to disease types, with a view to providing reference for the in-depth study of their anti-inflammatory activities and the development of new products with related functions.