ObjectivePost-ischemic acute inflammation and the subsequent persistent dysregulation of the immune microenvironment represent major pathological drivers that aggravate neuronal injury and severely restrict functional recovery following ischemic stroke. Although current reperfusion therapies partially restore blood flow, they fail to effectively modulate the secondary inflammatory cascade and oxidative stress, which remain critical barriers to neurological restoration. To address this challenge, this study aimed to engineer and systematically evaluate a biomimetic nanosystem composed of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-loaded platelet membrane-camouflaged lipid nanoparticles (PLP). This nanosystem was designed to achieve dual lesion-targeted delivery and immune microenvironment remodeling. By verifying its spatiotemporal accumulation, anti-inflammatory activity, and neuroprotective efficacy, we sought to establish an integrated therapeutic strategy that simultaneously enables lesion targeting, immune regulation, and functional recovery after ischemic injury. MethodsThe physicochemical properties of PLP, including hydrodynamic particle size, zeta potential, structural stability, and morphology, were characterized using dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The preservation of platelet membrane-derived adhesion and immunoregulatory proteins was confirmed by SDS-PAGE through comparative analysis of protein band profiles between PLP and native platelet membranes. The in vitro biological activities of PLP were evaluated using two complementary cellular models. LPS-induced M1-polarized RAW264.7 macrophages were employed to assess inflammatory modulation, while oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced BV2 microglial cells and SH-SY5Y neuronal cells were utilized to investigate neuroinflammatory regulation and neuronal protection. For in vivo validation, a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) mouse model was established to mimic ischemia-reperfusion injury. The spatiotemporal biodistribution and lesion-targeting capability of the PLP were monitored through live fluorescence imaging. Therapeutic efficacy was comprehensively evaluated by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunofluorescence analysis, body weight monitoring, and neurological severity score (NSS) assessment. ResultsPLP nanoparticles displayed a uniform spherical morphology, nanoscale particle size distribution, and stable negative surface charge, indicating favorable colloidal stability and circulation potential. SDS-PAGE results confirmed the effective retention of key platelet membrane proteins associated with endothelial adhesion, immune evasion, and inflammatory regulation, demonstrating the successful biomimetic construction. Optimal therapeutic concentrations were determined in OGD/R-induced BV2 cells, where PLP exhibited excellent cytocompatibility and anti-inflammatory activity.In vitro experiments demonstrated that PLP significantly inhibited the polarization of RAW264.7 macrophages toward the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and markedly reduced neuronal apoptosis under ischemia-reperfusion conditions. In vivo fluorescence imaging revealed that PLP rapidly accumulated in the ischemic brain hemisphere and maintained prolonged retention for up to 7 d, suggesting enhanced lesion-specific targeting and sustained drug release. Compared with control group, PLP treatment significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume, attenuated reactive astrogliosis, improved weight recovery, and accelerated neurological functional restoration, as reflected by significantly improved NSS scores. ConclusionThis study establishes a multifunctional biomimetic nanoplatform that integrates platelet membrane-mediated active targeting with the anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and neuroprotective properties of TGF-β1. The PLP system enables rapid lesion homing and long-term retention while synergistically regulating the post-stroke inflammatory microenvironment by suppressing pro-inflammatory immune activation, reducing neuronal apoptosis, and limiting excessive astrocyte reactivity. Importantly, this study proposes a conceptually therapeutic paradigm that combines targeted delivery with immune microenvironment remodeling to achieve comprehensive neurovascular protection. These findings provide strong experimental evidence supporting the translational potential of biomimetic nanotherapeutics as next-generation precision interventions for ischemic stroke.

Objective To explore risk factors of sodium-dependent glucose transporters 2 （SGLT2） inhibitor-associated euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis （euDKA） and to construct a risk prediction model. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of type 2 diabetes patients treated with SGLT2 inhibitors in Dongnan Hospital of Xiamen University from January 2020 to December 2023, including age, gender and course of diabetes. The risk factors of SGLT2 inhibitor-associated euDKA were analyzed by univariate analysis and multivariate Logistic regression, and a prediction model was established. According to the receiver's operating characteristic （ROC） curve, the area under the curve （AUC） and the optimal critical value of the prediction model were determined. The prediction model was subjected to both internal and external validation. Results A total of 119 patients with type 2 diabetes treated with SGLT2 inhibitors were included in this study. Among them, there were 98 cases without euDKA （non-euDKA group）and 21 cases with euDKA （euDKA group）. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed the DKA history (OR=114.153), appetite or diet decreased three days before admission (OR=21.774), elevated neutrophil count (OR=2.056) and pre-hospital adjustment of hypoglycemic agents (OR=45.745) were independent factors to increase risks of euDKA associated with SGLT2 inhibitors （P<0.05）. Surgical history before admission was an independent factor to reduce this risk （OR=0.007, P<0.05）. By establishing the calculation formula of the prediction model = neutrophil count+6.571 （DKA history）−6.874 （surgical history before admission）+4.273 （appetite or diet decreased three days before admission）+5.302 （pre-hospital adjustment of hypoglycemic drugs）, the ROC curve was drawn. The AUC of the ROC of the prediction model was 0.982 （95%CI: 0.961-1.000, P<0.001）, with accuracy of 94.96%, sensitivity of 0.905, specificity of 0.959 and a critical value of 7.405. The AUC of ROC curve after the model’s ten-fold cross validation was 0.930. And the accuracy of the external validation of the prediction model was 85.29%. Conclusion The DKA history, appetite or diet decreased three days before admission, elevated neutrophil count and pre-hospital adjustment of hypoglycemic agents increased the risk of SGLT2 inhibitor-associated euDKA, while the surgical history before admission reduced this risk. The risk prediction model constructed on this basis could better predict the risk of SGLT2 inhibitor-associated euDKA.

ObjectiveTo investigate the contamination status of ochratoxin A (OTA) in commercially available food products in Shanghai, and to assess OTA exposure levels and the associated non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks among pregnant women by integrating dietary consumption data of this population. MethodsThe levels of OTA contamination in 1 520 food samples collected in Shanghai from 2022 to 2023 were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. An exposure assessment model was developed based on the dietary consumption levels of pregnant women from the 2016‒2017 Shanghai Pregnant Women Dietary Monitoring Survey to calculate the estimated daily intake (EDI) of OTA, the margin of exposure for non-carcinogenic toxicity (MOE₁), and the margin of exposure for carcinogenic toxicity (MOE₂). An MOE₁ greater than 200 and an MOE₂ greater than 10 000 indicate that the non-carcinogenic toxicity and carcinogenic toxicity resulting from exposure are negligible, respectively. For samples with OTA contamination levels below the limit of detection (LOD), which accounted for more than 80% of the samples, the OTA levels were assigned values of 0 and LOD, respectively, for subsequent calculations. ResultsThe detection rates of OTA in cereals, nuts, dried fruits, and alcohol samples collected in 2022 were 2.03%, 0, 0, and 0, respectively. The OTA detection rates in cereals, nuts, dried fruits, beans, and alcohol samples collected in 2023 were 2.50%, 0.39%, 2.47%, 1.67%, and 13.33%, respectively. For pregnant women in Shanghai in 2022, simulation results indicated that when assigning a value of 0 and the LOD, theP₅₀ values of EDI for dietary OTA exposure were 0.05 and 0.72 ng·(kg·d)^-1, respectively, and the P₉₅ values of EDI for dietary OTA exposure were 0.25 and 2.40 ng·(kg·d)^-1, respectively. For pregnant women in Shanghai in 2023, the P₅₀ values of EDI for dietary OTA exposure were 0.04 and 1.00 ng·(kg·d)^-1, respectively, and the P₉₅ values of EDI for dietary OTA exposure were 0.23 and 2.67 ng·(kg·d)^-1, respectively, both substantially below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for OTA [17 ng·(kg·d)^-1]. The EDI for dietary OTA exposure in 100.0% of Shanghai pregnant women was lower than the TDI, indicating an overall low level of dietary OTA exposure among this population. For 100.0% of pregnant women, the MOE₁ for dietary OTA exposure exceeded 200. When assigned a value of 0, the MOE₂ for 100.0% of pregnant women in both 2022 and 2023 exceeded10 000. When assigned the LOD value, 72.3% and 81.8% of pregnant women in 2022 and 2023, respectively, had an MOE₂ exceeding 10 000. ConclusionFrom 2022 to 2023, samples of cereals, nuts, dried fruits, beans, and alcohol sold in Shanghai exhibited varying degrees of OTA contamination. The overall EDI of OTA exposure among pregnant women in Shanghai remained at a low level. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with OTA exposure were generally low and at controllable levels.

ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics of 21 respiratory pathogens in influenza-like illness (ILI) cases in Jing’an District, Shanghai in 2024, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases. MethodsData of1 907 ILI cases at four sentinel hospitals in Jing’an District were collected from January to December 2024. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected and tested for 21 respiratory pathogens using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Chi-square test and Cochran-Armitage trend test were used for data analyses. ResultsAmong the 1 907 ILI cases, 1 340 were tested positive (70.27%), including 1 160 (60.83%) virus-positive cases, 424 (22.23%) bacteria-positive cases , and 86 (4.51%) positive cases of other pathogens (fungi, mycoplasma, and chlamydia). The top five viruses by detection rate were: influenza virus (14.84%), SARS-CoV-2 (14.47%), rhinovirus (12.69%), adenovirus (7.08%), and parainfluenza virus (6.71%). The top two bacteria by detection rate were Streptococcus pneumoniae (14.47%) and Haemophilus influenzae (10.33%). Among other pathogens (fungi, mycoplasma, and chlamydia), Mycoplasma pneumoniae showed the highest detection rate (4.30%). In terms of age distribution, statistically significant differences were observed in the detection rates of SARS-CoV-2, Legionella, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (P<0.05), with the highest rates found in individuals aged 65 years and above. Statistically significant differences were also found in the detection rates of rhinovirus, adenovirus, enterovirus, common coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, bocavirus, parainfluenza virus, human metapenu-movirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae among different age groups (P<0.05), all showing the highest detection rates in the 0‒<15 years age group. In terms of seasonal distribution, SARS-CoV-2, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, enterovirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae showed epidemic peaks in summer; rhinovirus, common coronavirus, bocavirus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae had higher detection rates in autumn. Influenza virus exhibited a peak incidence during winter, while human metapenu-movirus peaked in winter and spring. Significant differences in co-infection detection rates were observed among age groups, with the rate in children aged 0‒<15 years (34.81%) being the highest. The co-infection detection rate was higher in males than in females (P=0.019). Both the single-pathogen detection rate and the co-infection detection rate (P<0.001) varied significantly across seasons: the single-pathogen detection rate was highest in winter (62.06%), while the co-infection detection rate peaked in summer (31.20%) and was lowest in winter (14.52%). ConclusionBased on detection rates, the main pathogens in the ILI population of Jing’an District, Shanghai, 2024 were influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2, rhinovirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, common coronavirus, enterovirus, Human metapenu-movirus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Pathogen detection rates varied by age and season. Coinfection rates were much higher in children than in adults, higher in males than in females, and peaked in summer while being lowest in winter.

Objective To investigate the temporal changes in pathological damage and macrophage polarization in liver and spleen tissues of mice infected with Angiostrongylus cantonensis, and to preliminarily unravel the peripheral immune responses during the early stage of A. cantonensis infection. Methods Forty female BALB/c mice at ages of 6 to 8 weeks were randomly divided into four groups, including the control group and 7-, 14-, and 21-day infection groups, with 10 mice in each group. Each mouse in the infection groups was inoculated with 30 third-stage (L3) larvae of A. cantonensis by oral gavage, and five mice were randomly selected from each infection group on days 7, 14, and 21 post-infection, while mice in the control group were given the same volume of physiological saline and five mice were randomly selected from the control group on the day of oral gavage. Mouse liver and spleen tissues were sampled. The histopathological changes of mouse liver and spleen tissues were observed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and the percentage of positive staining area and the co-localization positive rates of the macrophage surface antigens F4/80, CD86, and CD206 were quantified in mouse liver and spleen tissues using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining. In addition, five mice were collected from each infection group on days 7, 14, and 21 post-infection, and five mice were collected from the control group on the day of oral gavage. Mouse liver and spleen tissues were sampled for detection of macrophage markers CD86 and CD206 and macrophage phenotyping using flow cytometry, and the expression of M1 macrophage markers, including inducible nitric oxide synthase (Nos2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and M2 markers, including arginase 1 (Arg1), mannose receptor C-type 1 (Mrc1) and chitinase-like protein 3 (Chil3) was quantified in mouse liver and spleen tissues using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay. Results Proliferative lesions of the hepatocyte were observed in mouse liver tissues and the follicular structures of the mouse spleen white pulp were disrupted 21 days post-infection with A. cantonensis. Immunohistochemical staining showed that there were significant differences in the percentages of F4/80, CD86 and CD206 positive staining areas in the liver and spleen tissues among the four groups of mice (F = 242.40, 197.14, 183.19, 157.65, 242.35 and 146.24; all P values < 0.001), and the percentages of positive staining in the liver and spleen tissues of mice in the 14-day infection group [(4.45 ± 0.51)%, (3.74 ± 0.67)%, (8.32 ± 0.72)%, (16.56 ± 1.14)%, (11.62 ± 0.52)%, and (8.29 ± 0.72)%, respectively] and the 21-day infection group [(3.70 ± 0.11)%, (3.22 ± 0.43)%, (11.53 ± 1.03)%, (12.59 ± 1.05)%, (9.02 ± 0.83)%, and (11.67 ± 1.10)%, respectively] were higher than in the control group [(0.35 ± 0.16)%, (0.40 ± 0.02)%, (0.93 ± 0.05)%, (2.78 ± 0.26)%, (2.33 ± 0.20)%, and (1.85 ± 0.20)%, respectively] (all P values < 0.05). Immunofluorescence staining showed significant differences in the positive rates of F4/80 co-localization with CD86 and CD206 in mouse liver and spleen tissues among the four groups (F = 24.42, 25.28, 54.51 and 130.55; all P values < 0.001). Flow cytometry detected significant differences in the proportions of CD86⁺ and CD206⁺ macrophages in mouse liver and spleen tissues among the four groups (F = 67.98, 18.41, 29.77, 172.80; all P values < 0.001), and the proportions of CD206⁺ macrophages in the liver and spleen of the 21-day infection group were significantly higher than those in the control group [(9.25 ± 2.55)% vs (3.83 ± 0.72)%, and (4.22 ± 0.56)% vs (0.47 ± 0.18)%, respectively] (both P values < 0.05). In addition, RT-qPCR assay quantified significant differences in the relative mRNA expression of M1 macrophage markers (IL-1β, TNF-α and Nos2) and M2 macrophage markers (Arg1, Chil3 and Mrc1) in mouse liver and spleen tissues among the four groups (F = 41.30, 31.82, 199.33, 19.96, 62.01, 119.76, 23.67, 95.90, 72.27, 82.59, 123.41 and 29.75; all P values < 0.05). Conclusions A. cantonensis infection may cause progressive pathological damage in mouse liver and spleen tissues, accompanied by dynamic temporal changes in macrophage polarization. M1 macrophage polarization predominates at the early stage of A. cantonensis infection and shifts towards M2 polarization at the later stages, suggesting that M2 polarization may participate in immune regulation at late stages of A. cantonensis infection by suppressing excessive inflammatory responses and promoting tissue repair.

BACKGROUND:Exercises can reduce blood lipids and slow down the development of atherosclerosis.Atherosclerosis begins with mitochondrial dysfunction,and prohibitin 2 is involved in mitophagy by endurance training. OBJECTIVE:To explore the role of endurance training in the intervention of prohibitin 2 protein in the mitophagy autophagy pathway in atherosclerosis. METHODS:A total of 40 Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group,exercise group,atherosclerosis group and atherosclerosis combined with exercise group,with 10 rats in each group.A rat model of atherosclerosis was constructed by combining a high-fat diet(9 weeks)with vitamin D injections(weeks 1,3,and 6)in the latter two groups,while the two exercise groups were subjected to progressing intensity endurance training for 9 weeks.After the intervention,lipid and pathological detections were conducted to observe the modeling and interventional effects.Mitochondrial membrane potential and mitophagy proteins were detected by microplate reader and western blot.Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the co-localization of mitophagy proteins in aortic tissue. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Lipid and pathological sections showed that compared with the atherosclerosis group,the serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels and aortic lipid deposition area were significantly reduced in the atherosclerosis combined with exercise group(P<0.001).The results of mitochondrial membrane potential showed that the significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential of the aorta in the atherosclerosis combined with exercise group was reversed(P<0.01).The results of western blot assay showed that compared with the control group,the mitochondrial protein expression of prohibitin 2,LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ,PINK1 and Parkin was significantly increased(P<0.05),and the protein expression of PARL and PGAM5 decreased(P<0.05).Compared with the atherosclerosis group,the protein expression of PINK1 and Parkin in the mitchondria of rats in the atherosclerosis combined with exercise group was significantly decreased(P<0.05),and the protein expressions of prohibitin 2,LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ,PARL and PGAM5 were significantly increased(P<0.05).Immunofluorescence results showed that compared with the control group,the co-localization of LC3 and PINK1 with TOMM20 was significantly increased in the atherosclerosis group(P<0.05),while compared with the atherosclerosis group,the co-localization of LC3 and PINK1 with TOMM20 was significantly increased in the atherosclerosis combined with exercise group(P<0.05).Co-localization of LC3 and PARL with prohibitin 2 was significantly increased in the atherosclerosis group compared with the control group(P<0.01),co-localization of LC3 with prohibitin 2 was significantly increased in the atherosclerosis combined with exercise group compared with the atherosclerosis group(P<0.01),and co-localization of PARL protein with prohibitin 2 was significantly decreased in the atherosclerosis combined with exercise group compared with the atherosclerosis group(P<0.01).To conclude,endurance training can induce the expression of prohibitin 2 in the inner mitochondrial membrane and promote the binding of prohibitin 2 to the mitophagy junction protein to complete mitophagy,restore mitochondrial function,and slow down the occurrence of atherosclerosis.

Background: Maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) due to variants of hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-beta (HNF1β) (MODY5) has not been well studied in the Chinese population. This study aimed to estimate its prevalence and evaluate the application of a clinical screening method (Faguer score) in Chinese early-onset diabetes (EOD) patients. Methods: Among 679 EOD patients clinically diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (age at diagnosis ≤40 years), the exons of HNF1β were sequenced. Functional impact of rare variants was evaluated using a dual-luciferase reporter system. Faguer scores ≥8 prompted multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) for large deletions. Pathogenicity of HNF1β variants was assessed following the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) guidelines. Results: Two rare HNF1β missense mutations (E105K and G454R) were identified by sequencing in five patients, showing functional impact in vitro. Another patient was found to have a whole-gene deletion by MLPA in 22 patients with the Faguer score above 8. Following ACMG guidelines, six patients carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic variant were diagnosed with MODY5. The estimated prevalence of MODY5 in Chinese EOD patients was approximately 0.9% or higher. Conclusion MODY5 is not uncommon in China. The Faguer score is helpful in deciding whether to perform MLPA analysis on patients with negative sequencing results.

BACKGROUND:With the development and progress in the field of stomatology,oral implant technology has gradually become the mainstream alternative to traditional dentures.In recent years,the maturity of various bone increment techniques and the continuous development of the oral digital field have expanded the indications of dental implantation,and the success rate of implantation surgery is also increasing.However,it has become a difficult problem for some clinicians to use cone-beam computed tomography(CBCT)to accurately measure the residual alveolar ridge bone mass before implantation and to make a suitable implantation plan. OBJECTIVE:To measure the residual alveolar ridge bone mass in the proposed implant area of the mandibular first molar using the CBCT. METHODS:In a retrospective study design,the CBCT images of 205 patients with mandibular first molar loss were included to measure the height and width of the residual alveolar ridge in the proposed implant area of the mandibular first molar.The residual alveolar ridges were divided into four categories:Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ(Class Ⅱ,Ⅲ,and Ⅳ residual alveolar ridge defined as insufficient bone).Statistical analyses were conducted in terms of frequency distribution of residual alveolar ridge height,width,and morphology of the mandibular first molar,differences in residual alveolar ridge height and alveolar ridge crest width of the mandibular first molar in patients of different sexes,correlation of the residual alveolar ridge height with the crest width and bottom width of the residual alveolar ridge,as well as correlation of age with the width and height of the residual alveolar ridge crest. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The average height of the residual alveolar ridge in the proposed implant area of the mandibular first molar was(12.14±2.96)mm,of which 43.41％(89/205)were less than 12 mm.The average width of the residual alveolar ridge in the proposed implant area of the mandibular first molar was(6.80±1.65)mm,of which 26.34％(54/205)were less than 6 mm.(2)The height of the residual alveolar ridge of the mandibular first molar was higher in males than in females,with no significant difference(P>0.05),and the width of the residual alveolar ridge of the mandibular first molar was significantly wider in males than in females(P<0.01).(3)The height of the residual alveolar ridge was negatively correlated with the top and bottom width of the residual alveolar ridge(P<0.01).Age showed a positive correlation with the residual alveolar ridge width(P<0.05)and no significant correlation with the residual alveolar ridge height(P>0.05).(4)The residual alveolar ridge of class Ⅰ accounted for 58.05％(119/205),class Ⅱ accounted for 9.27％(19/205),class Ⅲ accounted for 20.49％(42/205),and class Ⅳ accounted for 12.19％(25/205),most of which were class Ⅲ with insufficient remaining alveolar ridge bone mass.Clinicians need to individualize and design the optimal implantation plan based on the type of residual alveolar ridge.

Rapid and ultrasensitive detection of pathogen-associated biomarkers is vital for the early diagnosis and therapy of bacterial infections.Herein,we developed a close-packed and ordered Au@AgPt array coupled with a cascade triggering strategy for surface-enhanced Raman scattering(SERS)and colorimetric identification of the Staphylococcus aureus biomarker micrococcal nuclease(MNase)in serum samples.The trimetallic Au@AgPt nanozymes can catalyze the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine(TMB)molecules to SERS-enhanced oxidized TMB(oxTMB),accompanied by the color change from colorless to blue.In the presence of S.aureus,the secreted MNase preferentially cut the nucleobase AT-rich regions of DNA sequences on magnetic beads(MBs)to release alkaline phosphatase(ALP),which subsequently mediated the oxTMB reduction for inducing the colorimetric/SERS signal fade away.Using this"on-to-off"triggering strategy,the target S.aureus can be recorded in a wide linear range with a limit of detection of 38 CFU/mL in the colorimetric mode and 6 CFU/mL in the SERS mode.Meanwhile,the MNase-mediated strategy characterized by high specificity and sensitivity successfully discriminated between patients with sepsis(n=7)and healthy participants(n=3),as well as monitored the prog-nostic progression of the disease(n=2).Overall,benefiting from highly active and dense"hot spot"substrate,MNase-mediated cascade response strategy,and colorimetric/SERS dual-signal output,this methodology will offer a promising avenue for the early diagnosis of S.aureus infection.

Objective:It aims to explore the advantages,disadvantages,opportunities and challenges of Chinese medicine practitioners participating in the"three-division co-management"service model in diabetes management,analyze its performance in policy support,resource matching and patient satisfaction,and put forward optimization strategies to enhance the role of Chinese medicine practitioners in chronic disease management.Methods:Through literature analysis,questionnaire survey and semi-structured interview,the data of six pilot units of"three divisions co-management"in Jinjiang were collected,and the internal and external environment of Chinese medicine practitioners participating in the"three divisions co-management"model was systematically evaluated by the Strengths,Weaknesses,Opportunities,Threats(SWOT)and the Politics,Economic,Society,Technology(PEST).Results:Chinese medicine practitioners' participation in the"three-division co-management"model has obvious advantages in policy support,resource matching and patient satisfaction,but it also faces key obstacles such as lack of incentive mechanism,shortage of Chinese medicine practitioners' resources and limitation of medical insurance reimbursement.The survey shows that 99.7％of the respondents are willing to choose this mode again,and 96.43％of the respondents said that the medical experience has improved significantly.However,43.92％of the subjects think that the professional knowledge and skills of doctors need to be improved,and 32.2％of the subjects think that the effect of Chinese medicine treatment on reducing the dependence and side effects of western medicine is limited.Conclusion:It is feasible and practical for Chinese medicine practitioners to participate in the"three divisions co-management"model,but it is necessary to further improve its service effect and sustainability by improving the performance appraisal mechanism,expanding the scope of medical insurance reimbursement,and strengthening the training for Chinese medicine practitioners' resources.