Objective To observe the cognitional differences between teachers and students concerning teaching objective,curriculum,teaching methods and effect and teaching reform and to pro-vide references for teaching reform. Methods Medical humanistic questionnaire was designed to survey teachers and students. Data were processed by SPSS 18.0 and were analyzed by Chi-square. P value smaller than 0.05 signifies significant differences. Results There were significant differences in cognition of medical humanistic ability,emotion controlling ability,curriculuma provision and teaching methods between teachers and students.12.9% teachers and 41.3% students considered that the opportunity of medical humanistic practice was plenty while 55.7%teachers and 35.3%students thought that the univer-sity attached little importance to medical humanistic teaching. Conclusions Key points of humanistic reform include making clear the teaching objectives,emphasizing practice of medical humanistic teach-ing,improving curriculum and deepening appraisal reform.

Neonatal hypoglycemia is a common clinical disease.Hypoglycemia can lead to severe acute and long-term dysfunction of nervous system.The several aspects of neonatal hypoglyccmia such as the definition,diagnosis of brain injury,risk factors,treatment,detection method and long-term follow-up were reviewed.

Amino acids (AA) as substrates of gluconeogenesis could promote endogenous glucose production.Some AA can enhance insulin secretion. Recently,many studies have found that some AA can also activate mammalian target of rapamycin-S6 kinase 1 ( mTOR-S6K1 ) pathway,resulting in maintaining pancreatic β cell function on one hand,and on the other hand,inhibiting insulin signal transduction of insulin-sensitive cells and thus causing insulin resistance.

Diabetes mellitus impacts patient survival and quality of life mainly due to its acute and chronic complications.Pancreas transplantation may restore normoglycemia and reduce the complication of insulin-dependent diabetes,thus improving the quality of life and prolonging patient's survival.Although pancreas transplantation requires major surgery and life-long immunosuppression therapy,it currently remains the gold stand for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus,who do not respond to conventional therapy.Meanwhile,potential of the islet transplantation,insulin-producing cells replacement therapy,and artificial pancreas as the alternative to pancreas transplantation are under investigation.

More and more extrapancreatic actions of incretin-based therapies have been demonstrated and recently case reports have linked glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agouist therapy with the improvements in psoriasis.Psoriasis is a common skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation.Epideminological studies have showed that patients with psoriasis exhibit increased rates of cardiovascular disease,obesity,and type 2 diabetes,owing probably to the enhanced local and (or) systemic inflammation.The observations of anti-inflammatory actions of GLP-1,which exerts direct and indirect actions on immune function,together with the improved psoriasis,offer new insights into the investigation of non-classical anti-inflammatory actions of incretin-based therapeutics and provide a new direction for the research of the novel clinical application of GLP-1.

thymus.It is not clear why and how these distribution exist,which is possibly correlated to recruitment,homing,subset,and microenvironment of NK cells in each tissue or organ.

The mucosal tissues form the interface between the outside world and the sterile environment of the body.Innate immunity plays a critical role in the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis.Recently,a new subset of innate immune cells named NK-22 has been discovered to reside at tonsil and intestine both in human and mice.NK-22 cells share features with both natural killer (NK) cells and lymphoid tissue-inducing (LTi) cells.NK-22 cells express a variety of NK cell receptors and phenotypically resemble that of immature NK cells (iNKs).However,they are quite different from NK cells in function and development.NK-22 cells lack conventional NK cell cytotoxic function and produce IL-22 instead of IFN-?.It is currently considered that NK-22 cells are not a subset of NK cells.They develop from LTi cells and the development process depends on ROR?t and commensal microflora.NK-22 cells are involved in immune protection against the pathogen Citrobacter rodentium.The IL-22 secreted by NK-22 cells contributes to epithelial cell resistance to injury and mucosal tissue repair after microbial infection.

Based on a clinical and radiological study of radiation injuries of the bones in the 17 cases, the relationship between the osseous changes and the radiation dosage and between the time from radiation therapy and the onset of the radiographic osseous changes were discussed. The authors found that the degree of local skin infection might determine the type of its underneath osseous injuries, i. e. being either "septic" (osteomyelitic) or "aseptic" (bone atrophic) radionecrosis, and it might also determine the time when the osseous changes appeared on the radiogram. It was found that radiation injuries of the bone could be distinguished from bone metastases. The authors suggest that a regular X-ray follow-up of the bones that had received a heavy dose of radiation should be made in order to reveal bone atrophy as early as posible and to remind the patient to avoid any trauma and infection.

Free fatty acids(FFAs) provide an important energy source and also act as signaling molecules.Medium to long-chain free fatty acids can activate the intracellular signal pathways in the pancreatic ?-cells and play a role in regulating insulin secretion as an extracellular signal molecular via binding to the FFA receptor G protein-coupled receptor 40(GPR40). Furthermore,GPR40 is associated with several biological effects including cell proliferation and antiapoptosis of nerve cells.GPR40 act an important role in the connection of obesity and diabetes or cancers.GPR40 will probably become a novel kind of antidiabetic and anticancer drugs.

Animal model of aged rat nephrotoxicity was induced by i. p. administrationof gentamycin in a dose of 140mg/kg/day. Part of those rats were treated with CordycepsSinensis(CS), Epimedium(Ep) and Astragalus Membranaccus (AM) in form of decoc-tion per Os and others seryed as control. The results were summarized as. 1. The nephro-toxicity of gentamycin was aggrevated with age. CS, Ep and AM are effective drugs inpreventing the tdeular damage caused by gentamycin in rats. The pathological changes ofrenal tuoules of the rat groups which treated with CS, Ep and AM were less severe thanthat of the control. 2. CS, Ep and AM could prevent the decline of renal cortical Na~+-K~+-ATPase activity of aged rat induced by gentamycin.