Recently, two successive epidemics of cholera were observed in Korea. The first one started in Suhchun-Goon of Choong-Chung-Namdo in August 1969, and the 2nd in Changyoung-Goon of Kyung Sang-Namdo in August 1970. With stool specimens collected from patients in Suhchun, Ko-Chang, Seoul, Inchun, Youngkwang, Chang-hang and Wooljin were epidemic areas in l969, and from patients in Chang-Young, Pusan, Taegu, and Seoul which were epidemic areas in l970, studies were carried out in 1) the isolation and identification of cholera vibrio strains 2) the differentiation of E1 Tor vibrio from classic cholera strains 3) the liberation test of Kappa-type phages and 4) El Tor phage typing. Five strains, which were isolated in the epidemic area of the Philippines in l969 were included for a comparative study. The results are summarized as follows. 1) The epidemic strains of 1969 were identified as Vibrio cholerae, Celebes type El Tor and those of 1970 epidemic as Vibrio cholerae, biotype El Tor, El Tor phage type IV. 2) Korean strains and Philippine strains of 1969 epidemic appeared to be identical in biochemical and serological tests and phage susceptibility tests.
Cholera/epidemiology ; Cholera/microbiology* ; Human ; Korea ; Philippines ; Vibrio/isolation & purification*

Since the volume gives a better comparison of size than thickness, the volume of the zona pellucida was also calcldated by substraction of the volume of the inner zonal cavity from the volume of the total egg and compared with the zona pellucida thickness. All calculations were made by computor (CEIR timesharing computor). The zona pellucida of the tubal ova is thicker than that of the oocyte, with the zona pellucida of the fertilized egg being definite1y thinner when compared with unfertilized eggs. This phenomenon of decreased thickness in the fertilized egg may be associated with the zona reaction. The entry of the first sperm into the egg initiates a reaction in the zona pellucida the effect of which is to predude the entry of additional sperm-Braden, Austin and David (1954) defined this phenomenon as the zona reaction. The results of anatomical changes in the zona pe1lucida may also be a phenomenon such as a "zona reaction".
Animal ; Female ; Fertilization* ; Mice ; Ovulation* ; Ovum/cytology* ; Ovum/growth & development

Histological studies were carried out on the degranulation of mesenteric mast cells of albino rats in which excised pieces of rat mesentery were incubated in media containing morphine and meperidine hydrochloride. The following conclusions were obtained. 1. The experimental dose of 0.04mg./ml. of morphine hydrochloride in Tyrode solution for the incubated mesenteric pieces brought about the degranulation of mast cells. 2. The experimental dose of 0.04mg./ml. of meperidine hydrochloride in Tyrode solution for the incubation of the mesenteric pieces did not effect the cytological changes of the mast cells. 3. By the addition of metabolic inhibitor such as iodoacetic acid to the incubating medium the degranulation of the mast cells was remarkably inhibited for the group in which the incubation was carried out for 20 minutes. However, the inhibition of the degranulation of the mast cells due to the metabolic inhibitor was abolished after 30 minutes of incubation. Consequently the authors have demonstrated the effect of morphine hydrochloride in its ability to induce a degranulation of mesenteric mast cells in vitro.
Animal ; In Vitro ; Male ; Mast Cells/cytology ; Mast Cells/drug effects* ; Meperidine/pharmacology* ; Mesentery/cytology ; Mesentery/drug effects* ; Morphine/pharmacology* ; Rabbits

The influence of thyroxine upon n the cardiac uptake of catecholamines was investigated in rabbits. A single injection of thyroxine(1.0m/kg) into rabbits did not affect the concentration of myocardial catecholamines. However, this dose of thyroxine greatly increased the cardiac uptake of catecholamine following injection of 2.0mg of norepinephrine as compared to that of untreated normal animals and it remained elevated for several hours. Similarly thyroxine also enhanced the accumulation of myocardial catecholamines following administration of dopa(60-80mg/kg) and epinephrine(1.0-1.5mg/kg).
Animal ; Catecholamines/metabolism* ; Epinephrine/metabolism ; Heart/drug effects* ; Male ; Myocardium/metabolism* ; Norepinephrine/metabolism ; Rabbits ; Thyroxine/pharmacology* ; Tritium

Biotin-deficient rats were raised on a purified ration containing raw egg white plus avidin. Urea synthesis and excretion were compared between the biotin-deficient and the pair-fed control rats. 24hrurinary urea excretion and the specific activities of carbamylphosphate synthetase, ornithine transcarbamylase, and arginase in the liver mitochondria fraction were no different between these two groups. The net urea production in the liver slice and in the isolated perfused liver of the biotin-deficient rats was similar to that of the pair-fed control. Thus the conclusion must be that biotin is not in urea in mea biosynthesis in the rat.
Animal ; Avitaminosis/metabolism ; Biotin* ; Liver/metabolism* ; Rats ; Urea/biosynthesis* ; MH - ; Substances: ; Urea ; Biotin

To grow Mycobacterium leprae in cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages, studies were made on 1) the purification of M. leprae from lepromatous nodules by trypsinization, 2) growth experiment of purified M. leprae in cu1tured macrophages by in vivo infection-in vitro cultivation technique and 3) the observation of pathological changes in sp1eens of mice induced by intraperitoneal inoculation of purified M. leprae. Results are summarized as follows. 1. A simple and effective procedure is described for purification of M. leprae from biopsied nodules of lepromatous leprosy patients by trypsinization and high speed centrifugation. The procedure resulted in a good yie1d of homogeneous preparation of M. leprae with a negligible contamination of tissue debris. 2. Significant decreases were observed in the numbers of acid-fast bacilli in cultured macrophages and of macrophages harboring acid-fast bacilli by the length of intervals between the time of intraperitoneal inoculation of purified M. leprae and the time of initiation of macrophage cultures. 3. Microscopic examination of stained preparations of macrophages cultured by in vivo infection-in vitro cultivation technique indicated that an apparent increase in the number of acid-fast bacilli in the macrophages occurred when the cultures made at 24 hours and 1 week after inoculation were maintained in vitro up to 2 months or more. 4. Pathological changes in the spleens of mice inoculated with purified M. leprae were of mainly degenerative nature in the red pulp. No multiplication of M. leprae was observed in the spleens of mice up to 5 months after inoculation.
Adolescent ; Adult ; Animal ; Cells, Cultured ; Female ; Human ; Leprosy/microbiology* ; Macrophages/microbiology* ; Male ; Mice ; Mycobacterium leprae/growth & development* ; Mycobacterium leprae/isolation & purification ; Peritoneum/microbiology*

A study of the knowledge, attitude and practices about the maternal and child health of 305 married women residing in apartments at the Yonsei community Health area was conducted during the period from November to December 1970 using designed questionnaire with well trained interviews. The results and findings obtained from the study are summarized as follows : A. Pregnancy and Birth. Questions were asked about their last child. 1. 16.4% of the women were pregnant. 2. Among 281 women who hand experienced delivery, 48.0% were assisted by doctor or midwives for their last delivery, while the rest of women delivered their last baby at home without any professional's assistance. The higher the level of education or the greater exposure to mass communication, the more the deliveries were assisted by doctors or midwives. Those women who were born and raised in cities had more deliveries assisted by doctors and midwives than those who were not. 3. Kinds of delivery sheets used. Among 141 cases of home delivery 68% used cement bag paper or vinyl sheets. Three% used nothing and remained used unsterile materials. 4. Among 141 cases of home delivery, 70.2% used scissors. The rest of them used other methods. 5. 47.3% of the women had a rest for one month or more after birth. The higher the level of education, the longer the period of rest was observed. 6. 52.4% of the women fed the colostrum to their babies. This was not related to the mother's education. 7. About half(42.9%) of the women had poor knowledge about a proper diet for the pre and post natal period. B. Child Health. 1. Knowledge and practice regarding to the immunization for their children : Most of the women (93.2%) could name at least one kind of immunization. 20.3% could name 6 kinds of immunization. Mothers education level did not influence their ability to name immunizations. 85.2% of children had been immunized at least once. 2. Morbidity of last born children : 48.1% of their last born children were found to have been sick during the last year. Less than half (41.5%) of the sick children were seen by doctor. 3. Counselling at well baby clinic : most of the women (76.5%) had no counselling for their children. Registration rate at the well baby clinic at the Severance Hospital was 13.2%. 45.9% wanted to visit to the well baby clinic at the Severance Hospital. 4. Weaning Period : 44.6% said that the beginning of the weaning for their last born children was from 6 months to twelve months of age. The most important reason of weaning was the health of both mothers and children. 5. Knowledge and Practice regarding birth and death Registration : 64.6% of the women could name correctly the Ku-office as the place for the registration. Only 29.2% registered the birth of their last born children within 14 days. C. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice regarding to family planning Most : of the women accepted the idea of family planning. 97.7% could name at least one contraceptive method. 35.4% were found to be current users of countraceptive methods. The ideal number of children was 3.1 in average.
Child ; Child Health* ; Child* ; Colostrum ; Contraception ; Diet ; Education ; Family Planning Services ; Female ; Hand ; Humans ; Immunization ; Midwifery ; Mothers ; Parturition ; Pregnancy ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Weaning

In view of ever rising water pollution problems of river in the vicinity of large urban communities, the author has made an investigation on the pollution of water sampled from Han River (Seoul area) and Nakdong River (Daegu city area) during the period from july to December, 1970. The water samples were taken twice a month during the study period of 6 months from 7 points (locations) along the main stream of Han River at Seoul city and 5 points of Nakdong River at Daegu city. The samples ware measured and analyzed in accordance with the recognized methods in the "Standard Methods or Examination of Water and waste" by American Public Health Association. The obtained results are as follows: I.Han River. 1. Average turbidity was 5.1 units ranging from 1 to 10 units and the turbidity of down stream was higher than that of the upper stream. 2. pH value showed slight alkalinity (mean ; 7.2) except Yunchang-Dong (6.9). 3. The mean value of Dissolved Oxygen contents (D.O) was 7.2 ppm (range of 3.4-10.5ppm). D.O of the upper stream (8.2 ppm. at Walker Hill boating place, 8.0 ppm. at the Gwangzang Bridge and Ddookdo) was higher than that of he downstream (5.6ppm. at Yunchang-Dong. 6.4ppm. at the 2nd Han River Bridge), and D.O in the winter season was higher than that in the summer season, respectively. 4. The mean value of the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (B.O.D.) was 28.3 ppm. (range of 6.2-64.8ppm). The mean value of B.O.D. was 48.7 ppm. at Yunchang-Dong. 42.3ppm. at the 2nd Han River Bridge, 34.0 ppm. at the 1st Han River bridge, 28.5 ppm. at the 3rd Han River Bridge, 19.2 ppm. at Dookdo, 13.2 ppm. at the Gwangzang Bridge, and 10.2 ppm. at the Walker Hill boating place in order of value. B.O.D. in July and August (35.6 and 34.5 ppm.) were the highest and that in November and December (18.6 and 21.2 ppm.) were the lowest. 5. Suspended Solids (SS) were from 15.0 to 667.0 ppm. with the mean of 222.1 ppm "Suspended Solids" of the water samples at Yunchang-Dong and the 2nd Han River Bridge were found to be 378.1 ppm. and 283.9 ppm. respectively which were higher than at the Gwangzang Bridge (134.1ppm.) and at Walker Hill boating place (79.3ppm). 6. Coliform colonies counting of the water samples ranged from 0-2, 500x10/100ml. with the mean value of 205.6x10/100ml. The most contaminated water sample by coliform were from the point of the 2nd Han River Bridge with 640.8x10/100ml while the lowest ones were from Walker Hill boating place with 17.2x10/100ml. There was also a seasonal variation in coliform contamination that is the higher in summer and the lower in winter. II. Nakdong River. 1. The mean value of turbidity was 2.3 units with range of 0 to 9.0 units. The highest point was at Geumho River (7.2 units). and the lowest point was at Gangzung and Moonsan (0.45 and 0.41 units). 2. The mean value of pH was 7.5 (range of 7.1-8.5) and highest point was Geunho River with 8.5. 3. The mean value of D.O was 8.1ppm. (range of 3.4-11.2 ppm.). D.O. of the upper stream showed higher value than that of the down stream, and the winter season than the summer season. 4. B.O.D. ranged from 2.6 to 57.0 ppm. (mean; 20.4 ppm.). The water sample at Geumho River showed the highest value (41.5ppm) while at Moonsan and Gangzung showed the lowest (4.6 and 4.7 ppm.). 5. The mean value of suspended solids was 48.7 ppm. (range of 4.0-182.0 ppm.). The highest month was July (63.7 ppm.) and August (62.1 ppm.) and the lowest month was October (37.0 ppm.) and December (24.4 ppm.). 6. The mean value of the coliform colonies was 22.7x10/100ml. (range of 0-243x10/100ml.). The highest number of the colonies was found in the sample water at the Whawon recreation area (50.5x10/100ml.) followed by the Geumho River (33.9x10/100ml;), the Goryung Bridge (28.3x10/100ml.), Gangzung(0.7x10/100ml), and Moonsan (0.6x10/100ml.).
American Public Health Association ; Daegu ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Oxygen ; Recreation ; Rivers* ; Seasons ; Seoul ; Ships ; Water Pollution* ; Water*

During the period from July 1st to the end of November 1970, a survey on air pollution and noise level was made in Seoul, Pusan and Taegu, the three largest cities in Korea. Each city was divided into 4-6 areas : the industrial area, the semi-industrial area, the commercial area, the residential area, the park area and the downtown area. Thirty eight sites were selected from each area. A. Method of Measurement : Dustfall was measured by the Deposit Gauge Method, sulfur oxides by PbO2 cylinder method, suspended particles by the Digital Dust Indicator, Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) by the MSA & Kitakawa Detector and the noise levels by Rion Sound Survey meter. B. Results: 1. The mean value of dustfall in 3 cities was 30.42 ton/km2/month, ranging from 8.69 to 95.44. 2. The mean values of dustfall by city were 33.17 ton/km2/month in Seoul, 32.11 in Pusan and 25.97 in Taegu. 3. The mean values of dustfall showed a trend of decreasing order of semi-industrial area, downtown area, industrial area, commercial area, residential area, and park area. 4. The mean value of dustfall in Seoul by area were 52.32 ton/km2/month in downtown, 50.54 in semi-industrial area, 40.37 in industrial area, 24,19 in commercial area, 16.25 in park area and 15.39 in residential area in order of concentration. 5. The mean values of dustfall in Pusan by area were 48.27 ton/km2/month in semi-industrial area, 36.68 in industrial area 25.31 in commercial area, and 18.19 in residential area. 6. The mean values of dustfall in Taegu by area were 36.46 ton/km2/month in downtown area, 33.52 in industrial area, 20.37 in commercial area and 13.55 in residential area. 7. The mean values of sulfur oxides in 3 cities were 1.52mg SO3/day/100cm2 PbO2, ranging from 0.32 to 4.72. 8. The mean values of sulfur oxides by city were 1.89mg SO3/day/100cm2 PbO2, in Pusan, 1.64 in Seoul and 1.21 in Taegu. 9. The mean values of sulfur oxides by area in 3 cities were 2.16mg SO3/day/100cm2 PbO2 in industrial area, 1.69 in semi-industrial area, 1.50 in commercial area, 1.48 in downtown area, 1.32 in residential area and 0.94 in the park area, respectively. 10. The monthly mean values of sulfur oxides contents showed a steady increase from July reaching a park in November. 11. The mean values of suspended particles was 2.89mg/m3, ranging from 1.15 to 5.27. 12. The mean values of suspended particles by sity were 3.14mg/m3 in Seoul, 2.79 in Taegu and 2.25 in Pusan. 13. The mean values of noise level in 3 cities was 71.3 phon, ranging from 49 to 99 phon. 14. The mean values of noise level by city were 73 phon in Seoul, 72 in Pusan and 69 in Taegu in that order. 15. The mean values of noise level by area in 3 cities showed a decrease in the order of the downtown area, commercial area, industrial area and semi-industrial area, park area and residental area. 16. The mean values of noise level by area in 3 cities indicated that the highest level was detected in the downtown area in Seoul and Taegu and in the industrial area in Pusan. 17. The daily average concentration o sulfur dioxides (SO2) in 3 cities was 0.081 ppm, ranging from 0.004 to 0.196. 18. The daily average concentration of sulfur dioxides by city were 0.092 ppm in Seoul, 0.089 in Pusan and 0.062 in Taegu in that order. 19. the weekly average concentration of carbon monoxides (CO) was 27.59 ppm. 20. The daily average concentration of carbon monoxides by city were 33.37 ppm. in Seoul, 25.76 in Pusan and 23.65 in Taegu in that order. 21. The concentration of SO2 and CO reaches a peak from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. 22. About 3 times probably the daily average concentration of CO could be detected in the downtown area probably due to heavy traffic emission in comparison with that in the industrial area. 23. As for daily variation of the concentration of SO2 and CO it was found that the concentration maintains relatively higher value during weekdays in the industrial area and on the first part of the week in the downtown area.
Air Pollution* ; Busan* ; Carbon ; Carbon Monoxide ; Daegu* ; Dust ; Korea ; Noise* ; Seoul* ; Sulfur ; Sulfur Dioxide ; Sulfur Oxides

The purpose of this research was to investigate how university students' nutrition beliefs influence their health behavioral intention. This study used an online survey engine (Qulatrics.com) to collect data from college students. Out of 253 questionnaires collected, 251 questionnaires (99.2%) were used for the statistical analysis. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) revealed that six dimensions, "Nutrition Confidence," "Susceptibility," "Severity," "Barrier," "Benefit," "Behavioral Intention to Eat Healthy Food," and "Behavioral Intention to do Physical Activity," had construct validity; Cronbach's alpha coefficient and composite reliabilities were tested for item reliability. The results validate that objective nutrition knowledge was a good predictor of college students' nutrition confidence. The results also clearly showed that two direct measures were significant predictors of behavioral intentions as hypothesized. Perceived benefit of eating healthy food and perceived barrier for eat healthy food to had significant effects on Behavioral Intentions and was a valid measurement to use to determine Behavioral Intentions. These findings can enhance the extant literature on the universal applicability of the model and serve as useful references for further investigations of the validity of the model within other health care or foodservice settings and for other health behavioral categories.
Collodion ; Delivery of Health Care ; Eating ; Health Behavior ; Humans ; Intention ; Surveys and Questionnaires